Bio Chapter 5

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The capacity to do work.

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes.

Question 3

Kinetic energy

Answer 3

The energy of motion.

Question 4

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one type to another [change from one form to another].

Question 5

Entropy

Answer 5

Measure of how much energy of a system is dispearsed. Measure of energy that CANNOT be used [fake money, heat] randomness, chaos, disorder. [part of 2nd law of thermodynamics]

Question 6

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

When energy is transferred, there will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning. Due to entropy.

Question 7

Potential energy

Answer 7

Energy stored in the position or arrangement of objects in a system.

Question 8

Endergonic

Answer 8

“Energy in” positive change of G, NOT spontaneous.

Question 9

What type of reaction would an endergonic reaction be?

Answer 9

Dehydration/condensation [anabolic]

Question 10

Exergonic

Answer 10

“Energy out’ Negative change of G, spontaneous.

Question 11

What type of reaction would an exergonic reaction be?

Answer 11

Hydrolysis [catabolic].

Question 12

[]G=[]H-T[]S

Answer 12

Change of G equation

Question 13

H

Answer 13

Enthalpy or total energy

Question 14

G

Answer 14

Free energy

Question 15

S

Answer 15

Entropy

Question 16

T

Answer 16

Temperature

Question 17

Activation energy

Answer 17

Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction.

Question 18

Do endergonic and exergonic reactions need activation energy?

Answer 18

Yes.

Question 19

Cells store energy in chemical bonds by running ……..

Answer 19

Endergonic reactions that build compounds.

Question 20

Cells run ……. That break the bonds

Answer 20

Exergonic reactions

Question 21

Why does metabolism require enzymes?

Answer 21

Because it speeds up reactions. Reactions can occur without enzymes, but it could take decades.

Question 22

Catalysis

Answer 22

The acceleration of a reaction rate by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction.

Question 23

What are enzymes made out of?

Answer 23

Proteins [some are made of RNA].

Question 24

Each enzyme has an …….

Answer 24

Active site.

Question 25

Active site

Answer 25

Pocket in an enzyme where substrates react and are converted to products. An enzyme acts only on molecules that “fit” its active site.

Question 26

Substrate

Answer 26

Molecule that an enzyme acts upon and converts to a product; reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Question 27

Transition state

Answer 27

During a reaction, the moment at which substrate bonds are at the breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously .

Question 28

Enzymes help lower…….. required to bring on the…….

Answer 28

Activation energy, transition state.

Question 29

Induced-fit

Answer 29

Substrate binding to an active site improves the fit between the two; This fit is necessary for catalysis.

Question 30

What factors will influence an enzymes shape and function?

Answer 30

Temperature, pH, and salt concentration.

Question 31

Metabolic pathway

Answer 31

Building, rearranging, or breaking down an organic molecule often occurs stepwise, in a series of enzymatic reactions.

Question 32

Linear pathway

Answer 32

The reactions run straight from the reactant to the product.

Question 33

Cyclic pathway

Answer 33

That last step regenerates a reactant of the first step.

Question 34

Allosteric reaction

Answer 34

Enzymes have an Allosteric site, downstream products combine to this regulatory site causing the enzyme to change shape and prevent it from binding with substrates. This causes entire metabolic pathway to stop, and new products are no longer formed.

Question 35

Feedback inhibition

Answer 35

Regulatory mechanism. Assembly line can speed up, slow down, or stop completely to prevent wasting resources and products. Achieved through Allosteric regulation.

Question 36

Phosphorylation

Answer 36

Addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

Question 37

List coenzymes

Answer 37

ATP, NADH, FADH

Question 38

Fluid mosaic

Answer 38

Model describes a membrane as a two dimensional liquid of mixed composition. Describes the organization of cell membranes. Phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and other molecules.

Question 39

Do all cell membranes have transport proteins?

Answer 39

Yes.

Question 40

Transport protein

Answer 40

Protein that helps SPECIFIC ions or molecules to cross a membrane.

Question 41

Selective permeability

Answer 41

The ability of a cell membrane to control which substances and how much of them enter or leave a cell.

Question 42

Diffusion

Answer 42

Spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas. The spontaneous net movement high—>low concentration.

Question 43

Isotonic

Answer 43

Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations.

Question 44

Tonicity

Answer 44

The capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content. Very important for homeostasis. All about solutes, this GOVERNS osmosis.

Question 45

Osmosis

Answer 45

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; occurs in response to a difference in solute concentration. Low concentration diffuses water to a higher concentration.

Question 46

Osmotic pressure

Answer 46

The minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 47

Endocytosis includes?

Answer 47

Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 48

Pinocytosis

Answer 48

“Cell drinking”

Question 49

Phagocytosis

Answer 49

“Cell eating”

Question 50

What are two ways to make ATP

Answer 50

1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation