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Bio1000 > Bio Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is one major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
Eukaryotes do have a nucleus

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2
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Modifies proteins made by ribosomes attached [from nucleolus] to it. Also folds polypeptides into their 3D tertiary form.
Involved in protein synthesis and sorting

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3
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of internal membranes that aid in the manufacture of lipids and carbohydrates.
Detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis and modification of lipids.

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4
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A multifunctional network of membrane-enclosed organelles that occur throughout a cells cytoplasm [vacuoles, nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body’s]

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

A single DNA molecule with its attached proteins. During cell division, chromosomes condense and become visible in micrographs.

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6
Q

Golgi body

A

Finishes, sorts, and ships lipids, enzymes and proteins; collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell.
Vesicles transport materials between sacs

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests, recycles material; vesicle that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components.
Contains acid hydrolases [enzymes that preform hydrolysis]
Autophagy—> recycling of worn out organelles through endocytosis

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8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous folded compartment.

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

All the DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus. [non condensed chromosome, looks like spaghetti]

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10
Q

Is chromatin in prokaryotes?

A

No, only in eukaryotes because they have a nucleus.

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11
Q

Nucleolus aka nucleoli

A

A dense region in the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA.

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material [eukaryotes only].

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13
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Two lipid bilayers pressed together as a single membrane surrounding the nucleus [outer bilayer is continuous with the ER].

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14
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Opening embedded with proteins that regulates passage into and out of the nucleus [allows certain substances to pass through the membrane].

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15
Q

Translation

A

Process of polypeptide synthesis. Information within a gene is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

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16
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis [made of RNA and proteins].

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17
Q

Transfer RNA [tRNA]

A

Brings amino acids.

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18
Q

Messenger RNA [mRNA]

A

Information to make a polypeptide.

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage [typically water and food]
Large membrane sack

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20
Q

Vesicle

A

Transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell.
Small membrane sack

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21
Q

Compartmentalization

A

[many membrane bound organelles] allows different cell functions to occur in different areas of the cell.

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22
Q

Centriole

A

Complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs [2]
Organizing microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP by aerobic respiration. Organelle in which energy is extracted from glucose per during oxidative metabolism.

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports organelles and cell shape, and plays a role in cell motion.

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25
Q

What are the 3 proteins involved in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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26
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of TUBLIN. Helps with the transport of substances within a cell [acts as a highway system].
Long, hallow cylinder structures. Dynamic instability- grow and shorten-mitosis
Initiate from centrosome

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27
Q

Microtubules make up………?

A

Cilia, flagella and other hairlike structures.

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28
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Made of ACTIN. Maintain cell and tissue structure, provide support and strength.
Form twisted, rope like structures; stable

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29
Q

Microfilaments aka actin filaments

A

Made of ACTIN. Make up the cell cortex, responsible for cell movement [cell division].
Long, thin fibers; dynamic structures

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30
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Made of lipid bilayer. All cells have it. This controls substances passing in and out of the cell.
Selectively permeable
Cell signaling [using protein receptors]
Changes in the environment
Cell communication
Cell adhesion

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31
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semi fluid mixture containing cell components.

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32
Q

Organelles

A

Structures that Carry out special metabolic functions inside a cell.

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33
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Compartmentalization tasks such as:
Building
Modifying
Storing substances

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34
Q

Cell theory

A

Cells are fundamental units of life
Organisms consist of one or more cells
Smalles unit of life
Cells arise form cell division
Hereditary material passes to offspring

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35
Q

Phase-contrast light microscope

A

Yield high contrast images of transparent specimens. Darks areas have taken up the eye.

36
Q

Reflected light microscopes

A

Capture light reflected from the surface of specimens.

37
Q

Fluorescent lmicroscope

A

Shows fluorescent light emitted by chlorophyll molecules in the cell.

38
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Reveals detailed images of internal structures.

39
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

Show surface details. May be artificially colored to highlight specific details.

40
Q

Nucleoid

A

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

41
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid and supports protection, not all cells have this. Plant cells and prokaryotes have this.

42
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Viscous covering; traps water, protection from drying.

43
Q

Capsule

A

Very thick glycocalyx; helps prokaryotes stick to each other and to various surfaces in their environment, helps prevent cell from drying out.

44
Q

Appendages

A

Limbs

45
Q

Flagellum [flagella]

A

Leg, for motion. Usually longer than cilia.

46
Q

Pili

A

Aids in sexual reproduction for bacteria, transfer DNA.

47
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes that can provide advantages, such as resistance to antibiotics.

48
Q

Are plasmids in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Mainly found in bacteria and naturally occur in archaea, bust also appear in some eukaryotes such as yeast and plants.

49
Q

Plastids

A

Double-membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage, and/or pigmentation .

50
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plastids specialized for photosynthesis [organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and photosynthetic protists].

51
Q

Central vacuole

A

Plants only. Store lots of water.

52
Q

Stroma

A

Liquid inside the chloroplast.

53
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

54
Q

Motor protein

A

Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments. Energized by ATP.

55
Q

Head function of a motor protein

A

Motor; site of ATP binding and hydrolysis.

56
Q

Hinge function of a motor protein

A

Regions that bends to instigate movement.

57
Q

Tail function of motor protein

A

Carries cargo, is attached to other proteins/binds to other components.

58
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hairlike projections that extends from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion. Tend to cover al or part of the surface on a cell. ONLY ON EUKARYOTES.

59
Q

What kind of structure do cilia and flagella have?

A

9+2

60
Q

Basal body

A

Organelle that develops from a centriole.

61
Q

9+2 arrangement

A

Whiplike structures formed from microtubules organized in 9+2 arrays.

62
Q

Microtubules come from……

A

Basal bodies which anchor to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.

63
Q

Microtubules grow from a barrel-shaped ………?

A

Centriole, which remains in the cytoplasm below the basal body.

64
Q

Cell cortex

A

Region of cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; often contains a mesh of microfibers and associated proteins.

65
Q

Pseudopods

A

A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey “false feet”.

66
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Complete mixture of substances secreted by a cell onto its surface; composition and function vary by cell type. [acts as a glue]

67
Q

Primary wall

A

The first cell wall of younger plant cells. They consist of lignin and cellulose.

68
Q

Secondary wall

A

Lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a mature plant cell.

69
Q

Lignin

A

Material that strengthens cell walls of vascular plants.

70
Q

Basement membrane

A

Extracellular matrix that attaches epithelium to underlying tissue.

71
Q

Microscopy- parameters

A

Allows us to see very small structures- cells.

72
Q

Magnification

A

Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size.

73
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another. Clarity of an image.

74
Q

Contrast

A

How different one structure looks from another-enhanced by dyes.

75
Q

What are the 2 groups of microscopy

A
  1. Light microscope
  2. Electron microscope
76
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses light for illumination
Resolution .2

77
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses an electron beam; shorter wavelength.
Resolution 2

78
Q

The… of a cell determines its structure and function

A

Proteome

79
Q

Metabolism in cytosol

A

Sum of all chemical reactions by cells needed for energy.
Enzymes help accelerate these reactions.

80
Q

Catabolism

A

[reaction type]
Breakdown of a molecule into smaller components.

81
Q

Anabolism

A

[reaction type]
Synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules.

82
Q

Semiautonomous organelles

A

Can grow and divide to reproduce themselves.
Not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts

83
Q

Cisternae

A

Network of membranes that form flattened, fluid filled tubules.

84
Q

Lumen

A

Internal pocket

85
Q

3 different movements of motor proteins

A
  1. Move cargo from one location to another
  2. Motor protein can remain in place and cause the filament to move [muscle contraction]
  3. Motor protein and filament restricted in their movement exerts a force that causes the filament to bend [cellular movement]
86
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

In protists that expel excess water

87
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small organelle found in all eukaryotic cells.
Catalase reactions that break down toxic materials [hydrogen peroxide] by REMOVING hydrogen or ADDING oxygen.

Bio1000 (8 decks)

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