Bio Chapter 8 Flashcards
Clones
Genetic copy of an organism.
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria.
DNA sequence
Order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA; the genetic code that varies between species and individuals.
Chromosomes
A structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; Carrie’s part of a cells genetic information.
Histones
Type of protein that associates with DNA and structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes; DNA is wrapped around special protein molecules called histones.
Nucleosomes
Unit of chromosomal organization; a length of DNA wound twice around histone proteins; The combined loop of DNA and histones is called a nucleosome.
Centromere
Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.
Sister chromatids
The two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, attached at the centromere.
Chromosome number
The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species; the total number of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.
Diploid
Having 2 of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.
Karyotype
Image of a cells chromosomes arranged in size, length, shape, and centromere location. This can also reveal major structural abnormalities.
Autosomes
Chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females; a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Sex chromosomes
Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a chromosome that differs between males and females.
DNA replication
Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA; energy-intensive process by which a cell copies its DNA.
Primer
Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that base-pairs with a specific DNA sequence and serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase require primers. Primers are required in order to initiate DNA synthesis.
Hybridization
Spontaneous establishment of base-pairing between 2 nucleic acid strands.
DNA polymerase
Attach a free nucleotide ONLY to the 3’ end of a parental/original DNA strand;Enzyme that carries out DNA replication. Uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.
Can also proof read DNA sequences during DNA replication and repair damaged DNA.
Requires a primer.
DNA ligase
Enzyme that seals gaps or breaks in double-stranded DNA.
Semiconservative replication
Describes the process of DNA replication in which one strand of each copy of a DNA molecule is new, and the other is a strand of the original.
Mutation
Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Reproductive cloning method in which the DNA of a donors boy cell is transferred into an enucleated egg; moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another.
Reproductive cloning
Laboratory procedure that produces an exact copy [clone] of an individual; laboratory procedure that produces animal clones from a single cell.
Differentiation
Process by which cells become specialized during development as they begin to use different subsets of their DNA.
Subsets
A set each of whose elements is an element of an inclusive set.
Purines
Adenine and guanine; their bases have double carbon rings.
Pyrimidines
Thymine and cytosine; their bases have single carbon rings.
Chargaffs rule
Adenine=Thymine
Guanine=Cytosine
They equal the same and they ONLY pair with each other.
The portions of …… and……. Differ among species
Adenine and guanine
Phosphodiester bond
Phosphate group links with two sugars.
What is the backbone of DNA made out of?
Phosphates and sugars.
What kind of structure does DNA have?
Alpha helix/ double helix
How many chromosomes does the human body have?
46
In a…… organism, one chromosome in a chromosome pair is is inherited from the mother and one from the father.
Diploid.
What kind of sex chromosome do females have?
XX
What kind of sex chromosome do males have?
XY
Base pairs form on the ….. of the helix, held together by ……… bonds
Inside, hydrogen.
A cell copies its DNA before it…….?
Reproduces.
DNA replication requires many…..?
Enzymes
What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?
DNA helicase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase requires a…….?
Primer in order to initiate DNA synthesis.
What does the enzyme primase do?
It produces primers.
DNA polymerases attach a free nucleotide only to the ……. End of a parental/original DNA strand.
3’
Leading strand
The continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’—>3’ direction.
Lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’—>3’ direction away from the replication fork.
Ionizing radiation [type of mutation]
Knocks electrons out of atoms
Breaks chromosomes into pieces that get lost during DNA replication
Creates free radicals
UV light [320-400nm] [type of mutation]
Forms pyrimidine dimmers that kink the DNA strand
Causes skin cancer
Therapeutic cloning
Uses SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.
Replication fork
The region of DNA where the replication process is currently taking place. It’s structure is similar to that of a fork “Y”.
Genetic code has how many codons?
64
Polysome
A cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of mRNA that each ribosome is translating
GTP
Translation is very energy intensive. Most of that energy is provided in the form of phosphate group transfers from RNA nucleotide GTP to molecules that help the ribosome move from one codon to the next.
Energy that drives translation is provided mainly by?
GTP
