chapter 8/9 Flashcards
what was the annual growth ratre from 1894 to 1913
8% per annum
mostly due to Witte - economicminister from 1892 to 1903
what economic statistics of growth did witte cause
railway trackage doubled
coal ouput in southern Russia went from 183 mil in 1890 to 671 mil puds in 1900
what is a pud
russian unit of weight
what did witte do for money
introduced a new rouble in 1897
backed by the value of gold
strengthened currency and encouraged foreign investment
what were the largest areas of growth during this period
railway and heavy industry
what were the railway statistics in 1905
59,000km of railways
66% state-owned
still limited compared to size of russia but vast improvement
what was the km of railway by 1913
62,200. second in the world to USA with 400,000km
what was the trans-siberian railway
built 1891-1902
from moscow to vladivostock
7000km
economic benefits
what was the increase of factory workers from 1887 to 1908
1.2mil -> 2.6mil
9,000 more factories
39,856
why did witte focus on heavy industry
believed concentrating production and developing factory units could lead to increases in heavy goods production
what was the Putilov iron works?
Putilov purchased a former state ironworks in 1867 to develop a railway factory. from 1891 to 94 the workforce grew by 2,000
1885, it provided for nearly 1/4 of transport wheely things
how much did light industry account for of total industrial ouput 1910
40%
what was the growth rate between 1908 to 1913
8.5% per year
was russia an industrial power by 1914
the fifth largest
how much did pig iron develop from 1900 to 1913
2.66 to 4.12 million tons
how much did coal develop from 1900 to 1913
16 to 35.4 million tons
how much did oil develop from 1900 to 1913
10.2 to 9.4 million tons
how much did grain develop from 1900 to 1913
56 to 90 million tons
what was the population of russia in 1897
116 million
what was the population of russia in 1913
155 million
how did state revenue change from 1908 to 1914
2 billion roubles to 4 billion
what role was stolypin granted 1906
minister of internal affairs
what was an issue created by the growing population
amount of land available to farm did not increase
what were the problems of the peasants in 1906
still backward techniques, held down to mir by redemption dues, heavily taxed
how had some peasants been able to improve their lives following the emancipation edict
buying more land and famring more efficiently
how did stolypin view the kulaks
‘sturdy and strong’
wanted to recruit them to tsardom and developing the improving agriculture
what did stolypin want from the reforms
a peasant’s land should be in one area rather than scattered strips, and they should have freedom to do what they want rather than listen to the mir
when did the programme of agricultural reform begin and how
1903
mir’s responsibility to pay taxes on behalf of all the village peasants was removed
why did stolypin have to majorly change his promotion
unrest and violence in 1905
what was the september 1906 legislation measure
more state and crown land is available to buy
gov subsidies to encourage migration/settlement in siberia are increased
what was the october 1906 legislation measure
peasants are granted equal right in the local administration
what was the november 1906 legislation measure
peasants are given the right to leave the commune
peasant can withdraw land from the commune and consolidate scattered strips to a compact farm
what was the january 1907 legislation measure
redemption payments are finally abolished
promised in 1905
what was the June 1910 legislation measure
all communes which has not redistributed land since 1861 were abolished
why were stolypin’s reforms perhaps unsuccessful
said he needed 20 years of peace for them to work, and there was war in 1914
how were the reforms successful
encouraged land transfers and the development of larger farms
3.5million peasants moved from the over-populated rural districts in the south to siberia. siberia developed a major agricultural region
what grain statistic shows the success rate
rose annually from 56mil tons in 1900 to 90mil in 1914
what demonstrates the reforms where not quite successful
1914, only 10% of land was transferred from communal to private ownership
1914 90% of peasant holdings were in traditional strips bc conservative peasants were reluctant to give up security of traditional practice
how many kulaks were there in the 1910s
fewer than 1%
