chapter 15 Flashcards
how was the NEP founded
GOSPLAN (planning committee) is set up by sovnarkom in February 1921.
what were the policies of the NEP
allows private ownership of small businesses
permits private trade
industries have to pay workers from own profits
what were benefits of the NEP
efficient resource use from industries due to profit policy
grain requisitioning ends
rationing ends
economy benefits
new class - NEPmen. entrepreneurs.
what were limitations of the NEP
grain taxes replace requistioning
unpopular with b’vik party as seen as non-ideological
the scissors crisis
what was the scissors crisis
-peasants produce greater harvests (incentive to work as they may sell their grain)
-workers have enough food but were responding slower than the peasants.
-food prices drop and industry prices raise
-peasants hold back their goods as there is no industry goods to exchange for
how was the scissors crisis solved
-gov puts a cap on industry prices
-peasants are given money taxes instead of grain quotes to encourage selling
-short lived
what was the result of the NEP
benefitted the economy. by 1926, production levels are the same as 1913.
-better living standards
-trade agreements with european countries.
what were the five year plans
Stalin’s goal to improve economic programme through industry.
unrealistic goals for rapid improvement
what were the goals of the first one 1928-1932
increase production by 300%
increase electricity production by 600%
develop heavy industry
what was a success of the 1st ffp
electricity production trebled
what was a limitation of the first ffp
many quota reachings were forged in order to avoid punishment, or the quality was ignored in order to achieve goal
chemical industy & consumer goods neglected
what were the goals of the second one 1933-1937
develop neglected areas of 1st one (food, houses & chemical)
develop communication linka between cities
goal shifted to rearmament 1936
what were successes of the second ffp
metros and dams built
rearmament rose from 4% of GDP in 33 to 17% in 37
what were limitations of the second ffp
consumer goods still neglected
oil production failed to meet targets
quantity over quality
what were the goals of the third ffp 1938-42
-focus on developing heavy industry to aid war
-urgent rearmament
-complete the transition to communism
what were the successes of the third
heavy industry
machinery
engineering benefitted
what were the limitations of the third
consumer goods, steel and oil failed to meet targets
staff and management shortage after stalin’s purges
cut short bc ww2
what were the goals of collectivisation 1929-1941
develop agriculture so industry workers have food
collective farms hoped to be more efficient and make collection easier
what were the goals of the first stage 1929-30
-annihilate the kulak class
-the goal was to collectivise 25% of grain farming areas
-voluntary, hoped many would join
what were successes of the first stage
by march 1930 58% of households were collectivised
what were limitations of the first stage
-annihilating kulaks caused a lot of peasants to sabotage their farms in order to not be counted, led to great losses
-peasants were reluctant to join and so it had to become mandatory. many were forced into it with violence
-when it became voluntary again after the harvest, only 20% remained collectivised
-private trade meant many didnt want to join as it took away their benefits
what were the goals of the second stage 1930-41
-increase farming machinery to make more efficient
-continue to kill kulaks
-peasants should recieve profits
-increase appeal
what were successes of the second stage
-workforce is fed
-grain exports increase
what are limitations of the second stage
-1932 law makes stealing from collectives punishable by 10 years arrest
-peasant profits did not exist
-referred to as a second serfdom
-poor organisation
-1931 drought causes a famine in ukraine - 3-5 million die of starvation as peasants recieved no profits and grain continued to be taken for the workers.
what was the method taken to recover a grain crisis in 1918
grain requistioning
-brutally confiscating grain, livestock and firewood
who was labelled the fault and cause of war communism
kulaks
would have entire stocks seized by the cheka
what was nationalised in 1920 which led to a turn around of Bvik policy
factories and businesses
managers are re-introduced as workers are not efficient
what is a statistic of the harvest of 1921
only produced 48% of the 1913 harvest
