chapter 3/4 Flashcards
what was alexander III’s personality?
-watched his father die - fearful of revolutions
-very large and bear-like
-committed, serious
- began his reign by hanging conspirators - fierce ruler.
what were local government changes?
-introduction of land captains
-reduced voting for peasants regarding zemstvo
what is the purpose of a land captain?
-responsible for law enforcement in countryside
-has power to override votes/zemstvo decisions
what were the major changes (the counter reform) made under alexander III?
-policing
-judicial system
-education
-censorship
what counter reform was made to the police?
-push to employ spies
-had power to arrest those they thought were ‘likely to commit crimes’
what counter reform was made to the judicial system?
-closed court sessions allowed
what counter reform was made to the education system?
-universities closed to women
-lower class children restricted to primary education
-in 1897 21% of the population was literate
what counter reform was made to the censorship system?
-censors are more active
-many newpapers closed
-censorship extended to theatre, art and culture
definition of russification
forcing the population to think of themselves as russian by enforcing the culture and language
what year was the polish revolt against cossacks
1863
what statistics prove the oppressed were unhappy about russification?
-332 mass disturbances in 61/92 provinces
-43 disturbances in 9/12 central provinces
what, why and where was the pale of settlement?
-south west of european russia (modern day lithuania to ukraine)
-jews forced to live inside the pale
-alexander III was scared of not being control polish/jewish people
what is a pogrom?
-‘round-up’ or lynching towards jews.
-jews had shops & houses burnt down
-rape and murder
what are key anti-semitic legislation changes
-number of jews accepted to schools is by quota of different districts
-forbidden from buying property in certain provinces
-banned from participating in local elections and selling alcohol
what is the effect of the anti-semitism?
-many left the empire
-in 1891-92 10,000 artisan jews were expelled from moscows
-drove many to revolutionary groups as rebellion
when were the pogroms
1881-84
who was mikhail von reutern the minister of finance for
Alexander III 1862-1878
what were reutern;s policies
-abolish tax farming
-provide annual dividends for foreign investors
-welcome foreign investment
what did reutern’s policies bring
-improvement in cotton and mining industries
-some agricultural improvement
which areas were uneffected by reutern
transport and labour mobility
unstable russian currency
when was vyshnegradsky minster of finance?
1887-92
what were vyshnegradsky’s policies
-import tariffs by as much of 30% to encourage home production
-force peasants to sell grain to the state and export
what was the result of vyshnegradsky’s policies
grain exports increase by 18% 1881-91
peasants suffer heavy taxation
1891-92 a bad famine kills 350,000
