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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that contains coded information for making a polypeptide and functional RNA

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2
Q

What is the name of the particular position that genes are found in?

A

Locus

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3
Q

Explain why scientists believe that at least 3 bases code for each amino acid

A

Only 20 amino acids occur regularly in proteins and each amino acid must have its own code of bases. As only 4 bases are present 3 must code for an amino acid otherwise there wouldnt be enough amino acids

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4
Q

What are 3 bases on DNA called?

A

a triplet

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5
Q

What are 3 bases on mRNA called?

A

a codon

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6
Q

What are 3 bases on tRNA called?

A

an anticodon

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7
Q

Why is DNA known as a degenerate code?

A

Because most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

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8
Q

Why is DNA known as non-overlapping?

A

Because each base is only read once - for its triplet

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9
Q

Why is DNA known as universal?

A

Because with a few minor exceptions each organism is made up of the same bases and is read in the same way

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10
Q

List 6 features of DNA

A 
degenerate
universal
non overlapping
always read one way
contains stop codes
the start of a DNA sequence is always the same triplet that is later removed if not needed
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11
Q

What are introns?

A

non coding sequences

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12
Q

What are exons ?

A

coding sequences

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13
Q

Homologous pairs come about because each organism comes about due to the joining or an ____ cell and a ____ cell. Each of these cells has ___ chromosomes consisting of 1 copy of each chromosome. So in the chromosome each each organism has one _____ chromosome and one ______ chromosome which carry the same _____ and have the same l_____ but may carry different ______

A 
egg 
sperm
23
maternal
paternal
genes
locus 
alleles
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14
Q

Define an allele

A

one of a number of alternative forms of a gene.

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15
Q

Define centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach via the kinetochore during cell division

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16
Q

Define chromosome

A

a thread like structure made of proteins and DNA by which hereditary information is physically passed from one generation to the next

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17
Q

Define haploid number

A

a term referring to cells that contain only a single copy of each chromosome (number of chromosomes found in a gamete)

18
Q

Define diploid number

A

a term referring to cells that contain 2 sets of each chromosome in the nucleus

19
Q

Define meiosis

A

a type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is halved

20
Q

Define chromatid

A

one of 2 strands of a chromosome that are joined together by a single centromere prior to cell division

21
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

when cells are dividing

22
Q

Where a chromosomes when they are not visible?

A

dispersed throughout the nucleus

23
Q

Each chromosome is made up of a long molecule of DNA and …

A

histones

24
Q

What is the shape of:
DNA
mRNA
tRNA

A

double helix
single polynucleotide chain
single polynucleotide chain

25
Q

What sugar does:
DNA contain
mRNA contain
tRNA contains

A

deoxyribose
ribose
ribose

26
Q

Where are each of the following found?
DNA
mRNA
tRNA

A

nucleus
made in nucleus found throughout the cell
made in nucleus found throughout the cell

27
Q

Define Genome:

A

the complete set of genes in a cell, including those in mitocondria and chloroplasts

28
Q

define penteome

A

the range of proteins produced by the genome

29
Q

What is the structure of RNA

A

a phosphate base, ribose sugar and adenine, gaunine, adenine and uracil bases

30
Q

How many nucleotides is tRNA made of?

A

80

31
Q

What is the shape of tRNA?

A

clover leaf shape

32
Q

Each tRNA molecule is ___ to one ______ acid and has an _______ that is ________ to that amino acid

A

specific
amino
anticodon
specific

33
Q

Histones associate in ___ to form structures called ___-

A

octamers

nucleosomes

34
Q

Describe the basic process of protein synthesis:

A

DNA is split and the template strand is used to form a molecule of pre-mRNA that is made of complementary bases. The pre-mRNA molecule is spliced to remove introns and then the mRNA molecule acts as a template for translation as anticodons from the tRNA bind to the codons and attach the specific amino acid they carry to another amino acid to make a polypeptide chain

35
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of making pre-mRNA using a part of the DNA chain as a template

36
Q

What enzyme moves along the strand to bind codons to triplets to make pre-mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

37
Q

What happens to make the pre-mRNA molecule detach from the DNA chain?

A

The RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases called a “stop code”

38
Q

What is splicing?

A

The process of removing non coding introns from a chain of pre-mRNA to make mRNA that can code for proteins

39
Q

Which out of prokaryotes and eukaryotes undergo splicing? Why

A

eukaryotes because they contain non coding introns which need to be removed in order for polypeptide synthesis to occur, whereas prokaryotes do not often contain introns and therefore do not need to remove them

40
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of forming a polypeptide chain from a molecule of mRNA by using tRNA

41
Q

Explain the basic process of translation

A

A ribosome binds to the starting codon of the mRNA and a tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to the codon. This tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid. The next tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon pair with the next codon carrying another amino acid. The 2 amino acids bond together forming a peptide bond. The ribosome moves down the chain to the next codon, linking the 2nd and 3rd amino acid. The 1st tRNA molecule is released and the process continues

42
Q

Triplets determine _____, codons determine anticodons which determine amino acids which determines the _______ formed

A

codons

protein

Biology (21 decks)

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