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Biology > Chapter 11 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The factor with a value furthest away from the optimum is described as what?

A

The limiting factor

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2
Q

If you change a different factor which is not limiting the rate what will happen to the reaction rate?

A

It will remain the same

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3
Q

List 5 factors that are limiting factors for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, water, light intensity, chlorophyll levels, temperature

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4
Q

What are atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide?

A

0.04%

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5
Q

What are optimum levels of CO2 for plant growth?

A

0.1%

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6
Q

What stage of photosynthesis does temperature effect?

A

the calvin cycle

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7
Q

As distance increases, what happens to light intensity? Why?

A

it decreases, because light photons spread out in all directions.

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8
Q

List 4 solutions to prevent limiting factors in real life

A

Use a generator to heat
Use the waste CO2 from generators to supply it
Using probes to supply water directly to the roots
Leave lights on all night to limit darkness.

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9
Q

State the inverse square law

A

If the distance doubles, the light intensity becomes 1/4 of the original value

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10
Q

What is the inverse square law equation?

A

Intensity is directly proportional to 1/ distance squared

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11
Q

What is the light compensation point

A

When the levels of CO2 released during respiration equals that taken up during photosynthesis

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12
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments?

A

Are coloured compounds found in chloroplasts

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13
Q

What colour is chlorophyll?

A

Green

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14
Q

What colour are carotenoids?

A

red, orange, or yellow

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15
Q

Where is chlorophyll a found in?

A

all photosynthetic organisms

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16
Q

Where is chlorophyll b found?

A

plants and green algae

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17
Q

Where is chlorophyll c found?

A

algae and bacteria

18
Q

Is chlorophyll water soluble?

A

No

19
Q

are carotenoids water soluble?

A

no

20
Q

is phycobilin water soluble?

A

yes

21
Q

How do photosynthetic pigments display colour?

A

They absorb different wavelenghts of light and the colour that they reflect is their colour

22
Q

What are the 8 adaptations of plants to aid photosynthesis?

A 
Large surface are
Thin
Transport cuticle and upper epidermis
Numerous stomata that open and close
many air spaces
a xylem
a phloem 
an arrangement of leaves that minimises overlaps
23
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoid membranes

24
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occur

A

in the stroma

25
Q

What are the 2 products of the light-dependent reaction?

A

NADPH and ATP

26
Q

What are the 2 products of the light-independent reaction?

A

CO2 and glucose

27
Q

What are the 3 main processes involved in the light dependent reaction?

A

Water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen by photolysis
Electrons are excited via light energy
NADPH and ATP are produced

28
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments held?

A

embedded in proteins in the thylakoid membranes

29
Q

How are electrons excited in the light dependent reaction?

A

by the photosystem absorbing light energy

30
Q

What happens to the electrons in the photosystem when they are excited? LDR

A

They leave the chlorophyll molecule

31
Q

What happens to the chlorophyll molecule when an electron has left?

A

It is also oxidised

they are ionised via photoionisation (because an electron is lost leaving the chlorophyll ion positively charged

32
Q

Where do electrons go when they leave the photosystem when they are excited?

A

Electrons are taken up by an electron carrier in the thylakoid membrane

33
Q

What is the electron carrier said to be when it accepts an electron in LDR?

A

Reduced

34
Q

Electrons are passed along a series of electron carriers via a collection of

A

oxidation reduction reactions.

35
Q

What happens to the electrons when they pass from one electron carrier to another?

A

it loses energy

36
Q

What is the process of photophosphorylation?

A

The process by which ATP is made

37
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The break down of water to produce 2H ions, 2 electrons and 1/2 O2

38
Q

Name 3 parts of a chloroplast

A

Plasma membrane, grana, stroma

39
Q

What is the optimum pH of enzymes working in the light independent reaction and why?

A

8 because the stroma has a lack of hydrogen ions because they are pumped into the thylakoid membrane

40
Q

what are the 3 stages of the LIR?

A
  1. Fixation of carbon dioxide to RuBs via the enzyme RuBisCO to produce 2 glycerate 3 phosphate molecules
  2. Formation of organic molecules via reduction of G3P to TP
  3. regeneration of ribuse disphosphate.

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