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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 2 examples of nucleic acid?

A

DNA - in the nucleus carries genetic information

RNA - information carrying molecules - carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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2
Q

Describe a nucleotide structure

A

Pentose sugar
Phosphate
Base

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA nucleotide

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose
cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine

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4
Q

Describe the nucleotide structure of RNA

A

Phosphate
Ribose
cytosine adenine uracil and guanine

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5
Q

What bonds with cytosine?

A

Guanine

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6
Q

What bonds with adenine?

A

Thymine

Or uracil in RNA

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7
Q

What are bases joined together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2

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10
Q

What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Deoxyribose in DNA ribose in RNA
DNA makes long chains RNA makes short chains
DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded
DNA is ATCG and RNA is AUGG

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11
Q

Which bases are purines?

What does this mean?

A

Adenine and Guanine

2 ring carbon + nitrogen

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12
Q

What bases are pyramidines ?

What does this mean?

A

Thymine and cytosine

1 ring

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13
Q

What is semi conservative replication?

A

A type of replication which produces 2 chains each with one parental stand and one with a daughter strand

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14
Q

What enzyme is used to split the strands?

A

DNA helicase

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15
Q

What bonds do DNA helicase break ?

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

What enzyme causes the nucleotides to bind together?

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

What bond does DNA polymerase make?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

As each strand contains ….. the original DNA the method is called …….

A

Half

Semi conservative replication

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19
Q

State to differences found between the nucleotides in RNA and DNA

A

RNA has a base of uracil whereas DNA had thymine

RNA had a ribose sugar whereas DNA has deoxyribose sugar

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20
Q

Nucleotides are joined by ….. reactions to form a ….. chain with a sugar ….. backbone and base …..

A

Condensation
Polynucleotide
Phosphate
Side arms

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21
Q

Describe how the proportion of DNA that contains 15N changes at each division when bacteria are grown on the 14N medium in the evidence for semi conservative replication

A

The proportion of 15N halves each time it was grown on the 14N medium

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22
Q

Why does the proportion of 15N change in the evidence of specific replication?

A

Because DNA replicates via semi conservative replication so each strand takes half the genetic information it had so the amount halves each time

23
Q

What is meant by complimentary base pairing?

A

Bases that always pair with a specific bade because of their structure as they have shapes that fit together

24
Q

What features make DNA a stable molecule?

A

Hydrogen bonds link the base pairs together
The phosphodiester backbone protects vulnerable bases
It is made of 2 strands
The helix shape protects the bases

25
Q

Why is DNA helicase important to DNA replication ?

A

It breaks the hydrogen bonds which splits the strands so new nucleotides can attach to the original strand

26
Q

What stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replication occur?

A

Interphase

27
Q

Why is DNA polymerase important to DNA replication ?

A

It makes the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides to make a new strand

28
Q

Explain why scientists doubted that DNA container the genetic information

A

It is much simpler than many molecules, particularly proteins, as it has only 4 bases, unlike protein which has 20 amino acids

29
Q

What is adenine?

A

A nitrogen containing organic base

30
Q

What is ribose

A

A sugar molecule with a 5-carbon ring structure that acts as the backbone to which the other groups are attached

31
Q

What is adenosine

A

A molecule of adenine bonded to a molecule of ribose

32
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate?

A

A molecule of adenine bonded with a molecule of ribose and three phosphate molecules

33
Q

What is the reaction for releasing energy from ATP? Is this hydrolysis or condensation?

A

ATP + (H2O) ———> ADP +Pi+ (E)

Hydrolysis

34
Q

What is Pi?

What is this used for?

A

An inorganic phosphate group

To phosphorylate other molecules to make these molecules more reactive

35
Q

What is the equation to make ATP? Is this hydrolysis or condensation?

What is this catalysed by ?

A

ADP + Pi ——-> ATP
Condensation

ATP synthase

36
Q

Name 6 features of ATP

A

It cannot be stored
It is an unstable molecule
It has to be used immediately after its made
It releases energy in small manageable amounts
It is soluble in water
It is a simple, single step reaction

37
Q

What is the advantage of ATP being an unstable molecule?

A

It can be easily broken down to release energy

38
Q

What are the uses of ATP?

A 
Secretion 
Activation of molecules
Active transport 
Movement
Metabolic processes
39
Q

Explain how ATP is used for the activation of molecules

A

Activation of molecules- inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive so less activation energy is required

40
Q

Explain how ATP is used for active transport

A

ATP provides energy to change the shape of the carrier proteins in plasma membranes. This will allow molecules or ions to be moved against concentration gradients

41
Q

Explain how ATP is used for metabolic processes

A

Provides energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units

42
Q

How is ATP used for movement?

A

ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction. In the muscle contraction ATP provides the energy for the filaments of muscle to slide past one another and therefore shorten the overall length of a muscle fibre

43
Q

Explain how ATP is used for secretion

A

ATP is needed to form the lysosomes necessary for the secretion of cell products

44
Q

A water molecule is known to be —— because it has to be a positive and a negative pole as a result of the uneven distribution of —— within it. This creates attractive forces called ——- ——- between water molecules, causing them to stick together. This stickiness of water means that its molecules are pulled inwards at its surface which is called ———. Water is able to spilt large molecules into smaller ones by a process known as ———. Water is the raw material for the process of ———— in green plants

A 
Polar
Electrons
Hydrogen bonds
Cohesion
Hydrolysis
Photosynthesis
45
Q

List some of the features of water

A 
Major component of cells
It is a very important solvent 
Relatively high heat capacity
Relatively large latent heat of vaporisation
Strong cohesion
Has a large surface tension
46
Q

What are hydrogen ions important for ?

A

Determining the pH of solutions and therefore the functions of enzymes

47
Q

What are the use of phosphate ions?

A

Form a structural role in the DNA molecules and strong energy in ATP molecules

48
Q

What are iron ions used for ?

A

Found in haemoglobin to transport oxygen

49
Q

What are sodium ions used for?

A

Important in the transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes

50
Q

What are potassium ions used for ?

A

Nerve impulses - action potential

51
Q

What are the biological importance of water as a solvent?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide for osmosis

Dissolves wastes such as urea and ammonia to be transported out of the body

52
Q

What is the benefit of ice being less dense than water?

A

It provides an insulating layer for the animals

Forms icecaps and land masses so aquatic habitats arent lost

53
Q

Why is it important that water has a high specific heat capacity?

A

It means that in extreme conditions organisms dont change temperature too much so enzymes can continue to work. It acts as a buffer for temperature changes

54
Q

Why is it important that a large amount of heat energy is required to evaporate water?

A

It means that it takes a lot of energy to change water to a gas so not too much water is lost via evaporation

Biology (21 decks)

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