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Biology > Chapter 10- Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Organisms are classified into groups each group is called a taxon. Taxonomy is the study of these groups or taxa

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3
Q

Define classification

A

Organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms

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4
Q

What is binomial naming system ?

A

A common system advised to name organisms

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5
Q

What is the binomial naming system ?- describe how it works

A

The first name is capitalised and is the generic name - the genus
The second name is lowercase and is specific - the species

If handwritten it is underlines
If printed it is italics

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6
Q

Each group within classification is called a

A

Taxon

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7
Q

A domain is the —— ——- rank and the 3 domains are —— —— —-

A

Highest taxonomic rank
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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8
Q

What are bacteria?

Name 3 features

A

A group of single - celled prokaryotes with the following features

Unicellular
Small ribosomes - (70s)
No histones and loops of nucleic acid

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9
Q

What are archaea ?

Name 3 features

A

A group of single celled prokaryotes which were originally classified as bacteria but differ because

Their genes and proteins synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Their membranes contain fatty acids chain attached to glycerol by ester linkages
Their is no murein in their cell walls

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10
Q

What are eukarya - give 3 features

A

A group of organisms made up of 1 or more eukaryotic cells with features of:
Membrane bound organelle
Larger ribosomes (80s)
Can contain well walls but non are made of murein

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11
Q

What are the 4 eukarya kingdoms?

A

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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12
Q

What are the classification sections ?

A 
Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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13
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Similarities in DNA and proteins

Similarities and characteristics

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14
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree and how is it read?

A

It shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms

The closer the branches the closer the evolutionary relationship

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15
Q

Members of the same species have similar or the same —— and therefore …

A

Genes

Resemble one another physically and biochemically

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16
Q

How does courtship behaviour ensure there is successful reproduction?

A

Allows them to recognise members of their own species
Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
Form a pair bond
Synchronise mating
Become able to breed

17
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The general term used to describe variety in the living world

18
Q

Define species diversity

A

The number of different species AND the number of individuals of each species within any one community

19
Q

Define community

A

All the living organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time

20
Q

Define species richness

A

The number of different species in any one community at a given time

21
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of 1 species

22
Q

Define ecosystems diversity

A

The range of different habitats in a community at a given time

23
Q

How do you calculate an index of diversity?

A

d = N(N-1)

The sum of n(n-1)

24
Q

What does N mean in the index of diversity calculation?

A

The total number of organisms of ALL species

25
Q

What does n mean in the index of diversity calculation?

A

The total number of organisms of EACH species

26
Q

Why is using the index of diversity preferable to just recording the number of species present?

A

It tells you the number of individuals of every species so it takes into account species present in small numbers

It is also more easily comparable and easier to interpret

27
Q

Do natural communities have a high index of diversity or a low index of diversity? Why?

A

High because the ecosystem develops over time and they become more COMPLEX with many individuals of a large number of different species

28
Q

Do agricultural ecosystems have a high index of diversity or a low index of diversity?
Why?

A

A low index of diversity because farmers select species with particular properties so the genetic variety of alleles is reduced to the few that have the desired properties. To be economic the number of these individuals needs to be large so species that are not desirable are removed

29
Q

Explain the direct negative impacts of agriculture

State 3

A

The removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland removes habitats
Creating monocultures reduces diversity
Filling in ponds and draining wetlands removes habitats
Overgrazing of land prevents regeneration of woodlands

30
Q

State 3 indirect negative impacts of agriculture

A

Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers reduces diversity
Absence of intercropping and crop rotation leads to less nutrients in the soil and reduces diversity
Escape of effluent from silage stores into water sources kills species and therefore reduces diversity

31
Q

List 10 positive conservation techniques that farmers should utilise

A
  1. Plant hedges rather than fences for boundaries
  2. Make and keep ponds
  3. Use organic fertilisers
  4. Use less pesticides
  5. Use crop rotation with nitrogen fixing crops
  6. Use intercropping rather than herbicides to control weeds
  7. Create natural meadows using hay rather than grasses
  8. Introduce conservation headlands where pesticides cant be used
  9. Maintain ideally shaped hedgerows
  10. Leave wet corners of fields rather than draining them
32
Q

What were the original use of hedgerows?

A

To create boundaries of fields and contain livestock

33
Q

Explain why farm sizes have had to increase recently

A

Because of machinery, more can be done so bigger fields are maintainable and to fit the machines bigger fields are needed

34
Q

Why are hedgerows being removed ?

A

To allow space for machinery and increase crop yield by using all the land to produce the crops

Grants were available for the most productive land areas

35
Q

Why are hedgerows ideal to keep?

A

They increase species diversity and act as corridors for animals to move.
Provide habitats and food sources

36
Q

Which has more consequences if removed? A hedgerow or a pond?
Why?

A

A pond because they provide water to many species and also provide food and habitats to many species, whereas hedgerows only provides food and habitats

Also ponds are more sparse and less prevelant so if removed habitats would be harder to find. Many of the species in a pond would be unable to relocate

37
Q

What are the 3 ways to investigate diversity?

A

Compare measurable or observable characteristics

Compare base sequences of DNA

Compare protein sequences of species

Biology (21 decks)

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