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Pharmocology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spectrum of organisms that antibiotics and antiinfectives are effective against?

A

Bacteria, protozoa, rickettsia, amoebas, and spirochetes

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2
Q

Are antibiotics and antiinfectives effective against either fungal or viral infections?

A

NO

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3
Q

Common fungal infections

A

Pseudomembraneous candidiasis

Erythemateous candidiasis

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4
Q

What are some antifungal agents?

A

Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat)

Imidazoles

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5
Q

What are some Imidazoles?

A

Clotrimazole (Mycelex)
Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
Fluconazole (Diflucan)

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6
Q

This antifungal agent is for systemic infection?

A

Diflucan

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7
Q

This antifungal agent is for localized infection?

A

Nystatin

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8
Q

Other antifungal agents

A

Amphotericin B

Griseofulvin

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9
Q

Mechanism of action for Nystatin

A

Binding sterols in the fungal cell membrane

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10
Q

Nystatin

A

Not absorbed from mucous membrane or intact skin
Poorly absorbed from GI tract
Excreted unchanged in the feces
Fungicidal and fungistatic

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11
Q

Higher doses or Nystatin

A

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

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12
Q

How is Nystatin administered?

A

Topically or orally: Little absorption occurs

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13
Q

What is Nystatin used for?

A

Both treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis in susceptible cases

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14
Q

Can be cariogenic

A

Nystatin

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15
Q

Imidazoles useful in dentistry

A

Clotrimazole (Mycelex)

Ketoconazole (Nizoral)

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16
Q

Other Imidazoles:

A

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

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17
Q

A synthetic antifungal agent

A

Clotrimazole

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18
Q

Availability of Clotrimazole

A

Oral lozenge and topical cream

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for Clotrimazole

A

Alteration of cell membrane permeability

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20
Q

Spectrum of action of Clotrimazole

A

Primarily against the Candida species

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21
Q

Adverse reactions of Clotrimazole

A

Involves the GI tract; produce elevated liver enzyme

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22
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Alters cellular membranes and interferes with intracellular enzymes

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23
Q

Pharmacokinetics for Ketoconazole

A

Requires acidic environment

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24
Q

Uses for Ketoconazole

A

Treatment of mucocutaneous and oropharyngeal candidiasis

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25
Q

Adverse reactions of Ketoconazole

A

Nausea, vomiting, hepatotoxicity; react with warfarin

26
Q

Fluconazole

A

Prevents synthesis of ergosterol in cell membranes

27
Q

Fluconazole is used for the treatment of..

A 
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis
Systemic fungal infections
Vaginal candidiasis
Prophylactically in immunocompromised
Non-responsive candidal infections
28
Q

Variety of formulations available for anti-fungal medications

A

Tablets, Aqueous suspension, Ointment, Cream, Powder, Lozenge

29
Q

Common viral infections

A

Herpes Labialis

Recurrent herpes simplex

30
Q

Antiviral agents for herpes simplex

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Docosano 10% (Abreva)
Penciclovir (Denavir)
Famciclovir (Valtrex)

31
Q

Antiviral agents for AIDS

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Combinations
Other antiviral agents

32
Q

Adverse reactions of Acyclovir

A

Topical; burning, stinging, or mild pain
Headache Sore throat
CNS Lymphadenopathy
GI effects Thrombophlebitis
Anorexia Edema
Funny taste Muscle cramps
Acne Leg pain
Accelerated hair loss Palpitation
Menstrul abnormalites
Arthralagia
Fever

33
Q

Uses of Acyclovir

A

Limited non-life threatening initial and recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in immunocompromised persons

34
Q

Docosanol 10% (Abreva)

A

Avaliable topically
Avaliable without prescription
Reduce healing time by 1/2 day

35
Q

Penciclovir (Denavir)

A

Reduces both the duration of the lesion and the pain of the lesions

36
Q

Advantages of Penciclovir (Denavir)

A

Higher concentration within cell

Drug duration in cells is longer

37
Q

Herpes simplex: Famciclovir and Valacyclovir

A

Famciclovir (Prodrug) > penciclovir

Valacyclovir (Prodrug) > acyclovir

38
Q

Uses of Famciclovir and Valacyclovir

A

Treatment of recurrent episodes of genital herpes

Treatment of acute localized varicella-zoster infections

39
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Protease inhibitors
Fusion/entry inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors

40
Q

Azidothymidine (AZT) > Nucleoside Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Zidovudine

A 
Well absorbed orally 
Metabolized by the liver
Excreted by the kidneys
Inhibits HIV synthesis
Reduces the morbidity
41
Q

Toxicity of Zidovudine

A

Related to bone marrow depression

42
Q

CNS effects of Zidovudine

A

Headache, agitation, and insomnia

43
Q

Oral manifestations of Zidovudine

A

Taste perversion, edema of the tongue, bleeding gums, and mouth ulcers

44
Q

Can inhibit AZTs metabolism and potentiate the toxicity of both drugs

A

Acetaminophen, indomethacin, and aspirin

45
Q

This non nucleoside reverse transcriptease inhibitors is specific for HIV-1

A

Nevirapine

46
Q

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptease inhibitors Nevirapine

A

These agents inhibit the same enzymes as the nucleoside analogues but do not require bioactivation

47
Q

Adverse reactions of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptease inhibitors Nevirapine

A

CNS effects
Rash
GI effects
Elevated liver function tests

48
Q

Interferes with the action of the HIV infected cells

A

Saquinavir

49
Q

Adverse reactions of Saquinavir

A 
Rash
hyperglycemia
paresthesia
GI effects 
buccal mucosal ulceration
50
Q

Fusion/Entry inhibitors

A

Block the progression from HIV infection to AIDS

51
Q

Integrase inhibitors

A

Designed to block or inhibit the action of integrates, which is a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell

52
Q

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

A

Cocktails = 3 drugs
> A nucleoside
> A nonnucleoside reverse transcriptease inhibitor
> A protease inhibitor

53
Q

Nucleoside analogues

A

Didanosine (ddl) (Videx)
Zalcitabine (ddC) (Hivid)
Zidovudine (AZT, ZVD) (Retrovir)

54
Q

Nonnucleoside analogues

A

Delavirdine (Rescriptor)

Nevirapine (NVP) (Viramune)

55
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Indinavir (Crixivan)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Saquinavir (Invirase, Fortovase)

56
Q

Adverse effect associated with drugs used to treat HIV

A

Bone marrow suppression, leading to anemia and thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets) This may lead to bleeding gingiva and ulcers

57
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

Lasts for more than 6 months
Inflammation in the liver
Present with no symptons or very few

58
Q

Symptoms of chronic hepatitis

A

Jaundice
Anorexia
Malaise

59
Q

Interferons

A

Antiviral, cytotoxic, and immunomodulating action

60
Q

Adverse reactions; Interferons

A 
Myalgias
Fatigue
Headache
Arthralgia
CNS effects; Fatigue, fever, headache, depression, chills
GI effects; Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Rash
Reactivation of herpes labials
Excessive salivation

Pharmocology (12 decks)

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