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Pharmocology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Drug?

A

A biologically active substance that can modify cellular function.

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2
Q

Each drug has its own what?

A

Dose response curve

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3
Q

What are the characterizations of drugs?

A
  • Dose-Response Curve -Potency -Efficacy
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4
Q

What is Potency of a drug?

A

A function of the amount of the drug required to produce an effect. **Drug A requires less dosage to produce the same effect as Drug B which has a higher Dosage. ** Example: 10mg of morphine produces the same effect as 100mg of meperidine, which means morphine is more potent.

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5
Q

What is Efficacy?

A

The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug. **The maximum response of a drug regardless of the dose.

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6
Q

What are the Mechanism of Action of Drugs?

A

-Pharmacologic Effect -Therapeutic Effect -Adverse Effect

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7
Q

What is Pharmacologic Effect?

A

-Produces the same action as endogenous agent. -Block action of endogenous agent.

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8
Q

What is the Agonist?

A

-Has affinity for a receptor -Combines with the receptor -Produces an effect. -It encourages the drug to work.

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9
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

Counteracts the action of the agonist. -Stops the work of the drug.

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10
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body.

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11
Q

What are the 4 major steps of pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME 1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excertion

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12
Q

What is Absorption?

A

The transfer of the drug from the site of administration tothe blood stream.

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13
Q

What are the mechanisms of drug transfer during drug absorption?

A

-Passive Transfer -Simple diffusion

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14
Q

What is the Specialized transport during drug absorption?

A

-Active Transport -Facilitated Diffusion

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15
Q

If the drug is non-ionized it is what?

A

Lipid soluble and passed through the membrane easier.

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16
Q

If the drug is more ionized it is what?

A

Less Lipid Soluble and has a more difficult time passing through the membrane.

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17
Q

Lipid soluble drugs move across most biological membranes by what?

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

Which type of drug administration bypass the absorption step?

A

IV Administered

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19
Q

What organ is the most important for absorption of drug?

A

The small Intestines

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20
Q

What is distribution?

A

The process by which a drug leaves the blood stream and enters the body system.

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21
Q

Sublingual doses are distributed to what organ?

A

The Heart

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22
Q

Drugs are distributed to organs with what?

A

Higher blood flow

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23
Q

Drugs may be bound to what?

A

Proteins in the blood especially plasma Albumin

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24
Q

What is metabolism/biotransformation?

A

the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys.

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25
Q

What does Prodrug mean?

A

Not Active

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26
Q

What does the metabolism mechanism Active to Inactive mean?

A

The drug is active when it is put into the mouth but then the liver will turn the drug inactive once it breaks it down.

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27
Q

What does the metabolism mechanism Inactive to Active mean?

A

The drug is inactive when put into mouth but then once the liver breaks it down it starts to be active.

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28
Q

What does the metabolism mechanism Active to Active mean?

A

It is active when taken and active when broken down.

29
Q

Which Metabolism Mechanism can be more potent?

A

Active to Active

30
Q

The ________ is the more important site for the metabolism of drugs.

A

LIVER

31
Q

What is another name for Metabolism?

A

Biotransformation

32
Q

Rate and efficiency is dependent upon what?

A

The route of administration.

33
Q

What is Elimination?

A

The removal of the drug from the body.

34
Q

What does elimination of the drug do?

A

Termination of the drug Effect

35
Q

What is the most important organ during elimination?

A

Kidneys (renal Excretion)

36
Q

What are other routes of elimination?

A
  • Lungs
  • Bile
  • Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Sweat
  • Saliva
  • Milk
37
Q

What are the three routes of elimination in the kidneys?

A
  • Glomerular Filtration
  • Active Tubular Secretion
  • Passive Tubular diffusion
38
Q

What are the factors that influence rate of drug absorption?

A
  • Physicochemical Properties
  • Site of Absorption
  • Solubility of drug
39
Q

What are the factors that affect drug absorption and clinical pharmakinetics?

A
  • Presence of Infection
  • Dose Form: Pill Form vs. Liquid
  • Drug Solubility: Fat Soluble vs. Water Soluble
  • Blood flow at injection Site
40
Q

What are the factors that determine distribution of a drug?

A
  • Organ size
  • Blood flow to organ
  • Drug solubility
  • Plasma Protein-binding capacity
  • Presence of Barriers
41
Q

What factors affect drug metabolism?

A
  • Impaired liver function
  • herpatic liver circulation
  • Drugs and environmental substances
  • Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450
42
Q

The Cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme Inhibitors do what?

A

Inhibit the liver from breaking down the substrate which means there will be too much substrate.

43
Q

The Cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme Inducers do what?

A

Cause the the drug to be more quickly metabolized which makes there not be enough of the substrate.

44
Q

What is Drug Half-Life?

A

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug to fall to one-half (50%) of its original blood level.

45
Q

What are Altering Drug Effects?

A
  • Patient Adherance
  • Psychological Factors
  • Pathologic state
  • Time of Administration
  • Route of Administration
  • Gender
  • Genetic Variation
  • Drug interactions
  • Age and Weight
  • Environment
  • Other
46
Q

What is Onset?

A

Time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect.

47
Q

What is Duration?

A

The length of time of a drug’s effect.

48
Q

What are the two routes of Administration dose forms?

A
  • Enteral
  • Parenteral
49
Q

What is Enteral Route?

A

Mouth and rectum route

50
Q

What is Parenteral Route?

A

Injection, Inhalation, Topical

51
Q

What are the advantages oral route?

A
  • Small intestines presents large absorbing area
  • Produces slower onset of action
  • Safest, least expensive and most convenient.
52
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral route?

A
  • Neusea, vomiting
  • Certain drugs are inactivated by GI tract acidity or enzymes.
  • Drug Interactions
  • Requires pt. Cooperation
  • Less predictable drug level of drug
53
Q

WHat are the advantages of Rectal Route?

A
  • Used if pt. is vomiting or unconcious
  • Produces local or systemic effect
54
Q

What are the Disadvantages of Rectal Route?

A
  • Drugs are poorly and irregularly absorbed
  • Poor Pt. Acceptance
55
Q

What are the Advantages of IV Route?

A
  • Produces most rapid drug response
  • Produces predictable response
  • Use in emergency situations
  • Absorption stage is bypassed (bypass stomach)
  • Most Rapid
56
Q

What are the disadvantages of IV route?

A
  • Phlebitis (inflammation of vein)
  • Drug Irretrievability
  • Allergy
  • Side Effects related to high plasma concentration
57
Q

What are the advantages of Inremuscular Route?

A
  • Allows increased tolerance to irritating drugs
  • Allows injection of suspensions, which provides a sustained effect
  • Massaging the muscle will increase the drugs absorption.
  • Deltoid or Gluteal muscles are common injection sites.
58
Q

What is subcutaneous route?

A

Injection of drugs into subcutaneous areolar tissue.

59
Q

What are the advantages of Subcutaneous Route?

A
  • Used to administer protein products.
  • Insulin is administered this route.
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of subcutaneous Route?

A

Irritating solutions may cause sterile abscesses

61
Q

Intradermal Route

A

TB SKin Test

62
Q

Intratheral Route

A

Into spinal Subarachnoid space

63
Q

Intraperitoneal Route

A
  • Least common
  • Used in pt. with renal failure.
64
Q

What are the advantages of inhalation route?

A
  • Rapid Onset of action due to large surface area of respiratory mucosa.
  • Lack of need for needles.
65
Q

What are the disadvantages of Inhalation Route?

A

Popular route for abuse of drugs

66
Q

What are the advantages of Topical Route?

A

Systemic side effects are rare.

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of Topical Route?

A
  • Increased risk of systemic side effects if surfaces are large and/or abraded, Inflamed, or Sloughing
  • Intraorally spayed anesthetics may be absorbed into the blood stream.
  • Requires an increased concentration of the drug.
68
Q

Parenteral Route (IV, IM, SQ, Intradermal) do what?

A

Bypass the GI Tract

69
Q
A

Pharmocology (12 decks)

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