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Pharmocology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system divided into?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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2
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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3
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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4
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the PANS?

A 
III Oculomotor Nerve
VII Facial nerve
IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
X Vagus nerve
Sacral (S2-S4) segments of spinal cord
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5
Q

Thoracic (T1) to lumbar (L2)

Adrenal medulla

A

SANS

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6
Q

What are some of the muscles that the PANS affect

A

Smooth mucles
Cardiac muscles
Glands

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7
Q

What are some of the muscles that the SANS affect?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What is Cholinergic also called?

A

Parasympathomimetic agents

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9
Q

These mimic the PANS

A

Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic)

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10
Q

Direct acting (cholinergic)

A

Acts like acetylcholine at receptor sites

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11
Q

Indirect acting (cholinergic)

A

Causes increase in amount of acetylcholine indirectly

Inhibits AChE —> Breaks down ACh

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12
Q

Cardiovascular effects from cholinergic direct effects

A

A decrease in cardiac output is associated with these agents, bradycardia, and decrease in BP

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13
Q

GI effects (cholinergic)

A

Excite smooth muscles of the GI tract (Diarrhea)

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14
Q

Adverse reactions of cholinergic agents

A 
S= Salivation
L= Lacrimation
U= Urination
D= Defecation
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15
Q

Contraindications of cholinergic agents

A 
Bronchial asthma
Hyperthyrodism
GI or urinary tract obstruction
Severe cardiac disease
Peptic ulcer
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16
Q

How is xerostomia treated?

A 
With pilocarpine (Salagen) 
5 mg tablet tid
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17
Q

What is Anticholinergic also called?

A

Parasympatholytic agents

18
Q

What does anticholinergic agents do ?

A
  • They are cholinergic blocking agents
  • Prevents ACh action at postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings
  • Block ACh action on smooth muscle, glandular tissue, and the heart
19
Q

Antimuscarnic agents

A

anticholinergic agents

20
Q

What happens if you increase drug penetration in CNS

A

You increase the chance of CNS side effects

21
Q

Anticholinergic effects on exocrine glands

A

Reduce the flow and volume of secretions

22
Q

Anticholinergic effects on smooth muscles

A
  • Relax smooth muscle in respiratory tract
  • Relax smooth muscle in GI tract
  • Spasmolytic agents
23
Q

Anticholinergic effects on the eye

A

Mydriasis (dialation)

Cycloplegia (paralized cillary muscles)

24
Q

Anticholinergic effects on the cardiovascular

A
  • Large doses produce vagal blockade > tachycardia

* Small doses, bradycardia predominates

25
Q

Anticholinergic adverse reactions

A 
Xerostomia
Blurred vision
Photophobia
Tachycardia
Fever
Urinary and gastrointestinal stasis
Hyperpyrexia
Signs of CNS excitation
26
Q

Contraindications of anticholinergic agents

A 
Glaucoma
Prostatic hypertrophy
Intestinal obstruction
Urinary obstruction or retention
Cardiovascular disease
27
Q

Uses of anticholinergic agents

A 
Postoperative medication
Treatment of GI disorders
Ophthalmologic examination
Reduction of Parkinson like movements
Motion sickness
28
Q

What are some considerations a Dental Hygenist must make when having a patient on anticholinergic agents?

A

Xerostomia
Tachycardia
Sedation

29
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Communication between nerves or between nerves and effector tissue takes plase by the release of a chemical neurotransmitters across synaptic cleft

30
Q

Between preganglionic and postganglionic nerves

A

ACh
Cholinergic
Nicotinic

31
Q

Between postganglionic nerves and the effector tissues

A

PANS: ACh, cholinergic, muscarnic
SANS: NE, adrenergic

32
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and passes out to form the ganglia at the __________ with the postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and innervates the __________.

A

central nervous system, ganglia, synapse, effector organ

33
Q

A drug that has the suffix __________ has the same action as an agonist.

A

-mimetic

34
Q

What is the principal neurotransmitter of the PANS?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

The action of the released acetylcholine is terminated by hydrolysis by what enzyme

A

Acetylcholinesterase

36
Q

The two components of the ANS, the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) together control regulation of which bodily functions?

A

Regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and smooth muscles of the gut and bronchi

37
Q

A single preganglionic fiber often synapses with what?

A

numerous postganglionic neurons to produce a diffuse effect

38
Q

When the sympathetic autonomic nervous system is stimulated, the __________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, acting as a large sympathetic ganglion.

A

Adrenal Medulla

39
Q

What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

What are the primary postsynaptic neurotransmitters for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine/epinephrine

41
Q

Which naturally occurring cholinergic agents is given to stimulate saliva flow?

A

Pilocarpine

Pharmocology (12 decks)

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