chapter 8 Flashcards
prototypes
typical, highly representative exampes of a concept that correspond to our mental image or best example of the concept.
deductive reasoning
reasoning from the general to the specific
inductive reasoning
reasoning from the specific to the general
a thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem / decision but may sometimes lead to errors (unlike algorithms)
heuristic
involves judging the likelihood of an event occuring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples. (events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently, more liekly to occur)
availibility heuristic
leads us to believe that familiar items are superior to those that are unfamiliar
familiarity heuristic
well defined problem
both the nature of problem and info needed to solve it are available and clear
ill defined problem
specific nature of problem unclear, info required to solve problem less obvious
the 3 types of problems
arrangement, problems of inducing structure, and transformation problems
means - end analysis
repeated tests for idferences between the desired outcome and what currently exsits. a heuristic
mental set
a framework for thinking about a problem based on our prior experience with similiar problems
weigh more heavily info that supports initial hypotehsis, ignore contradictory info
confirmation bias
thinking that generates unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate responses to problems or questions
divergent thinking
thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a single answer and which produces responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic
convergent thinking
phonemes
the smallest units of speecj
