chapter 8

Question 1

prototypes

Answer 1

typical, highly representative exampes of a concept that correspond to our mental image or best example of the concept.

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

reasoning from the general to the specific

Question 3

inductive reasoning

Answer 3

reasoning from the specific to the general

Question 4

a thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem / decision but may sometimes lead to errors (unlike algorithms)

Answer 4

heuristic

Question 5

involves judging the likelihood of an event occuring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples. (events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently, more liekly to occur)

Answer 5

availibility heuristic

Question 6

leads us to believe that familiar items are superior to those that are unfamiliar

Answer 6

familiarity heuristic

Question 7

well defined problem

Answer 7

both the nature of problem and info needed to solve it are available and clear

Question 8

ill defined problem

Answer 8

specific nature of problem unclear, info required to solve problem less obvious

Question 9

the 3 types of problems

Answer 9

arrangement, problems of inducing structure, and transformation problems

Question 10

means - end analysis

Answer 10

repeated tests for idferences between the desired outcome and what currently exsits. a heuristic

Question 11

mental set

Answer 11

a framework for thinking about a problem based on our prior experience with similiar problems

Question 12

weigh more heavily info that supports initial hypotehsis, ignore contradictory info

Answer 12

confirmation bias

Question 13

thinking that generates unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate responses to problems or questions

Answer 13

divergent thinking

Question 14

thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a single answer and which produces responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic

Answer 14

convergent thinking

Question 15

phonemes

Answer 15

the smallest units of speecj

Question 16

syntax

Answer 16

the ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences

Question 17

semantics

Answer 17

the meanings of words and sentences

Question 18

learning theory approach to language development

Answer 18

language acquistion follows teh principles of reinforcement and conditioning

Question 19

nativist approach to language development

Answer 19

chomsky

- humans are biologically pre wired to learn langauge at certian times and in particular ways

Question 20

interactionist approach to language development

Answer 20

language development is both biological and social

Question 21

hypothesis taht language shapes and may determine the way people percieve and understand the world

Answer 21

linguistic- relativity hypothesis