chapter 7

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

process by which we encode, store,

and retrieve info

Question 2

snsory memory

Answer 2

initial, moemntary stoarage of info that lasts only an instant

Question 3

short - term memory

Answer 3

second stage. holds info for 15 - 25 seconds. stores it according to its meaning rather than as sensroy stimulation

Question 4

long- term mmeory

Answer 4

memory that stores info on a relatively permanent basis. may be difficult to retreive

Question 5

the 2 types of sensroy memories

Answer 5

iconic and ehoic

Question 6

iconic memory

Answer 6

reflects info from visual system

Question 7

echoic memory

Answer 7

stores auditory info coming frmo ears

Question 8

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit in short - term memory

Answer 8

chunk

Question 9

memory system that holds info temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that info

Answer 9

working memory

Question 10

parts of working memory parts

Answer 10

centreal executive, visual store, verbal store, episodic buffer

Question 11

central executive

Answer 11

part of working memory.

coordinates material

Question 12

visual store

Answer 12

part of working memory. visual and spatial material

Question 13

verbal store

Answer 13

part of working memory. speech , words, numbers

Question 14

episodic buffer

Answer 14

part of working memory. episodes or occurrences

Question 15

primacy effect

Answer 15

items presented early in a list are remembered better

Question 16

recency effect

Answer 16

items presented late in alist are remembered best

Question 17

declarative memory

Answer 17

under long term memory
memory for factual info :names, faces, date
divided into sematic and episodic memory

Question 18

procedural memory

Answer 18

under long term memory
memory for skills and habits
example : how to ride a bike, hitting a baseball. how to do things

Question 19

semantic memory

Answer 19

under declarative memory

memory for general knowledge and facts about the world.

Question 20

episodic memory

Answer 20

under declarative memory
memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, context.
example: recall of first kiss, learning to hit a basbeall

Question 21

memory task in which specific info must be retrieved

Answer 21

recall

Question 22

memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whthere they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alteratives

Answer 22

recognition

Question 23

levels of processing theory

Answer 23

theory of memory that says the greater the intensity of the initial processing of a memory, the more likely we are to remember it

Question 24

explicit memory

Answer 24

intentional or conscious recollection of info

example: remember a name or date

Question 25

implicit memory

Answer 25

memories of whihc ppl are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior
example: jumping out of the path of a car

Question 26

priming

Answer 26

occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall info related to the prime

Question 27

flashbulb memories

Answer 27

memories of a specific important or surpirsing emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery

Question 28

processes in which memories are influenced by the maning we give to events

Answer 28

constructive processes

Question 29

schemas

Answer 29

organized bodies of info store in memory that bias the way new info is interpreted, stored, and recalled

Question 30

info in memory disrupts the recall of other info

Answer 30

interference

Question 31

forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info that is in memory

Answer 31

cue - dependent forgetting

Question 32

proactive interference

Answer 32

interference in which info learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later

Question 33

retroactive interference

Answer 33

interference in which material that was learned later distrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier

Question 34

retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new ones

Question 35

anterograde amnesia

Answer 35

amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury

Question 36

amygdala role in memory

Answer 36

involved with memories that involve emotion

Question 37

hippocampus role in memory

Answer 37

condolidates memories and stabilizes them after initially acquired

Question 38

the 3 levels of processing

Answer 38

shallow - terms of sensory or physical aspects
intermediate - shapes translated into meaningful units
deep - info analyzed in terms of its meaning