chapter 7 Flashcards
memory
process by which we encode, store,
and retrieve info
snsory memory
initial, moemntary stoarage of info that lasts only an instant
short - term memory
second stage. holds info for 15 - 25 seconds. stores it according to its meaning rather than as sensroy stimulation
long- term mmeory
memory that stores info on a relatively permanent basis. may be difficult to retreive
the 2 types of sensroy memories
iconic and ehoic
iconic memory
reflects info from visual system
echoic memory
stores auditory info coming frmo ears
a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit in short - term memory
chunk
memory system that holds info temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that info
working memory
parts of working memory parts
centreal executive, visual store, verbal store, episodic buffer
central executive
part of working memory.
coordinates material
visual store
part of working memory. visual and spatial material
verbal store
part of working memory. speech , words, numbers
episodic buffer
part of working memory. episodes or occurrences
primacy effect
items presented early in a list are remembered better
recency effect
items presented late in alist are remembered best
declarative memory
under long term memory
memory for factual info :names, faces, date
divided into sematic and episodic memory
procedural memory
under long term memory
memory for skills and habits
example : how to ride a bike, hitting a baseball. how to do things
semantic memory
under declarative memory
memory for general knowledge and facts about the world.
episodic memory
under declarative memory
memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, context.
example: recall of first kiss, learning to hit a basbeall
memory task in which specific info must be retrieved
recall
memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whthere they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alteratives
recognition
levels of processing theory
theory of memory that says the greater the intensity of the initial processing of a memory, the more likely we are to remember it
explicit memory
intentional or conscious recollection of info
example: remember a name or date
implicit memory
memories of whihc ppl are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior
example: jumping out of the path of a car
priming
occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall info related to the prime
flashbulb memories
memories of a specific important or surpirsing emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery
processes in which memories are influenced by the maning we give to events
constructive processes
schemas
organized bodies of info store in memory that bias the way new info is interpreted, stored, and recalled
info in memory disrupts the recall of other info
interference
forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info that is in memory
cue - dependent forgetting
proactive interference
interference in which info learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later
retroactive interference
interference in which material that was learned later distrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier
retrograde amnesia
amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new ones
anterograde amnesia
amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury
amygdala role in memory
involved with memories that involve emotion
hippocampus role in memory
condolidates memories and stabilizes them after initially acquired
the 3 levels of processing
shallow - terms of sensory or physical aspects
intermediate - shapes translated into meaningful units
deep - info analyzed in terms of its meaning
