chapter 6

Question 1

secondary reinforcer

Answer 1

stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.

Question 2

unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
example - if u use ointment on itchy rash and it takes the rash away, u more likely to use ointment again

Answer 2

negative reinforcer

Question 3

latent learning

Answer 3

new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Question 4

variable - interval schedul

Answer 4

the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

Question 5

conditioned response

Answer 5

response that after conditioning follows a previously neutral stim

Question 6

primary reinforcer

Answer 6

satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s previous experience
example : food for a hungry person

Question 7

conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

once - neutral stim that has been paired with an unconditioned stim to bring about a response formerly caused only by unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

Answer 8

stimulus generalization

Question 9

variable - ratio schedul

Answer 9

reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

Question 10

punishment

Answer 10

a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again

Question 11

when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

Question 13

classical conditioning

Answer 13

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Question 14

stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
example - paycheck makes workers come back to work

Answer 14

positive reinforcer

Question 15

habituation

Answer 15

the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
ex. newly weds eventually stop noticing wedding ring

Question 16

positive punishment

Answer 16

weakens a response by applying an unpleasant stimulus.

example - getting spanked for misbehaving

Question 17

negative punishment

Answer 17

removal of something pleasant

example - getting car taken away for misbehaving

Question 18

fixed - interval schedule

Answer 18

provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed

Question 19

unconditioned response

Answer 19

response that is natural and needs no tranining

Question 20

an approach to learning that that focuses on thought processes that underlie learning.
INTERNAL THOUGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS

Answer 20

cognitive learning theory

Question 21

the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time and with no further conditioning.

Answer 21

spontaneous recovery

Question 22

neutral stimulus

Answer 22

stimulus that does not naturally bring about response of interets before conditioning

Question 23

fixed - ratio schedule

Answer 23

, reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses

Question 24

operant conditioning

Answer 24

learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened (in occurance), depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Question 25

thorndike law of effect

Answer 25

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Question 26

difference between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 26

classical - neutral stimulus is paired with a biological response, and a reaction is learned.
operant - earning from consequences (rewards, punishments, etc.)