chapter 6 Flashcards
secondary reinforcer
stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.
unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
example - if u use ointment on itchy rash and it takes the rash away, u more likely to use ointment again
negative reinforcer
latent learning
new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
variable - interval schedul
the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
conditioned response
response that after conditioning follows a previously neutral stim
primary reinforcer
satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s previous experience
example : food for a hungry person
conditioned stimulus
once - neutral stim that has been paired with an unconditioned stim to bring about a response formerly caused only by unconditioned stimulus
after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.
stimulus generalization
variable - ratio schedul
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
punishment
a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
extinction
unconditioned stimulus
naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
example - paycheck makes workers come back to work
positive reinforcer
habituation
the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
ex. newly weds eventually stop noticing wedding ring
positive punishment
weakens a response by applying an unpleasant stimulus.
example - getting spanked for misbehaving
negative punishment
removal of something pleasant
example - getting car taken away for misbehaving
fixed - interval schedule
provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed
unconditioned response
response that is natural and needs no tranining
an approach to learning that that focuses on thought processes that underlie learning.
INTERNAL THOUGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS
cognitive learning theory
the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time and with no further conditioning.
spontaneous recovery
neutral stimulus
stimulus that does not naturally bring about response of interets before conditioning
fixed - ratio schedule
, reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses
operant conditioning
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened (in occurance), depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
thorndike law of effect
Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical - neutral stimulus is paired with a biological response, and a reaction is learned.
operant - earning from consequences (rewards, punishments, etc.)
