chapter 12 Flashcards
comparing people of different ages at the same time
cross - sectional research
cohort
group of people who grow up at simliar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions
research method that investiagtes behavior as participants get older
longitudinal research
difference between longitudinal and cross sectional studies
longitudinal - assess change in behavior over time
cross sectional - differences among groups of people
rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary info
chromosomes
zygote
new cell formed by union of an egg and sperm
embryo
developed zygote that has a heart, brain, other organs
fetus
- developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth
sensitive periods
time when organisms are particularly suceptibel to certain kinds of stimuli
PKU
- child born with this cannot produce enzyme that is required for normal development. cause profound intellectual disability
- treatable if caught early
sickle cell anmeia
- pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, vision problems
down syndrome
zygote receives an extra chromosome at moment of conception
enviornmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus taht produce a birth defect
ex: mother’s nutrition, mother’s illness, mother alc or nicotine use
teratogens
rooting refelx
newborns turn heads toward things that touch cheeks
the decrease in the response to a stim that occurs after repeated presentations of same stim
habituation
securely attached children
- mother as home base. explore independtely but return to mom occasionally. mom leaves = distress
- tend to be more socially and emotionally competent
avoidant children
- dont cry when mom leaves, avoid mom when she returns. indifferent to her
ambivalent children
anxeity b4 seperated, upset right when mom leaves. show ambivalent reactions when mom return close contact, but still kick / hit her
disorganized - disoriented children
children show inconsistent and contradictory behavior
rigid and punitive, strict standards, discourage expressions of disagreement.
- children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly, withrawn
authoritarian
give children relaxed or inconsistent direciton, warm and require little of childre
- children tend to show immaturity, low self - control, moody
permissive
firm, set limits for children. older = reason and explain things to them, set clear goals, encourage independence
- high social skills, self -reliant, independent
authoritative
show little interest in children, parenting as nothing but providing needs
uninvolved
trust vs. mistrust stage
- first stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- birth to 1.5
- infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- second stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- 1.5 - 3
- self suffiency if exploration is encouraged. self doubt and no independence if held back
initiative vs. guilt stage
- third stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- 3 - 6
- discovery of ways to initiate actions, guilt from thoughts and actions
industry vs. inferiroirty stage
- fourth stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- ages 6-12
- developing sense of competence or sense of no mastery and inferiority
piaget 4 stages of cognitive development
sensoritmotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
SPCF
sensorimotor stage
- cognitive development
- birth to 2 years
- development of object permanence and motor skills
- little / no capacity for symbolic representation
preoperational stage
- cognitive development
- 2 to 7 years
- develop langauge
- egocentric thorugh (world solely from his/her perspective)
- no principle of conservation
concrete operational stage
- cognitive development
- 7 to 12 years
- mastery of conservation
- logical thought and loss of egocentrism
formal operational stage
- cognitive development
- 12 years to adulthood
- abstract thought
vygotsky theory
culture in which we are raised affects cognitive development
identity vs. role confusion
- fifth stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- adolescence
- major testing to determine one’s unique qualities
intimacy vs. isolation
- sixth stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- early adulthood
- development of loving, sexual relationships, close friendships. fear of relationships with others
generativity vs. stagnation
- seventh stage of erikson theory of psychological development
- middle adulthood
- sense of contribution to continuity of live, trivialzation of one’s activities
ego integrity vs despair
- eigth of erikson theory of psychological development
- late adulthood
- sense of unity in life’s accomplishments, regret over lost opportunities
The process in which children’s genetic predisposition leads them to seek certain environments which, in turn, further alter their development.
niche - picking
information processing approach to development
quantitative changes occur in children’s ability to organize and manipulate information.
zone of proximal development
vygotsky
- gap between what children already able to accomplish and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves
scaffolding
presenting info that is both new and within the child’s ZPD
kohlberg 3 levels of morality
1) preconventional morality (avoidance of punishment, desire for rewards)
2) conventional morality (behave in ways that will win acceptance from others)
3) postconvential morality (understand broad principles of morality)
genetic preprogramming theories of aging
human cells have abuilt in time limit to their repreduction adn they are no longer bale to divide after a certain time
wear and tear theories of aging
mechanical function of body simply stop working efficiently
disengagement theory of aging
successfull aging is a gradual withdrawal from the world on a physical, psychological, social levels
epigenesis
factors from the environment that effect how genes are expressed
tay sachs disease
usually die by age 3 or 4 because of the body’s inability to break down fat
sequential research
Examine a number of different age groups at several points in time
