Chapter 8 Flashcards
Memory
Processes that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information
Three basic processes of memorization
Encoding: Translating into neural code
Storage: Retained over time
Retrieval: Pulled back out
Sensory memory
Holds incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be recognized
Short-term memory:
Stores and processes information of which we are conscious of, coding and working on information
Chunking:
Combining individual items into larger units of meaning
Long-term memory:
Our vast library of more durable stored memories.
Effortful processing and automatic processing:
Effortful processes is intentional and conscious, while automatic requires minimal attention and unintentionally
Hierarchy:
Memory is enhanced by associations with life and existing knowledge, meaning of info, organization, and imagery
Dual-coding theory:
Memory is enhanced if there is use of verbal and visual codes
Schema:
An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects.
Associative networks:
A massive network of associated ideas and concepts. Priming occurs there is an activation of one concept by another
Neural Network:
Each item in memory is represented by a patter or set of nodes. When nodes are activated simultaneously it is called parallel distributed processing (PDP).
Declarative memory:
Can be verbalized and includes two subcategories:
- Episodic memory: Personal experiences
- Semantic memory: General factual knowledge
Procedural memory:
Memory that is reflected in learned skills and actions
Explicit memory:
Conscious or intentional memory retrieval
Implicit memory:
When memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness.
Retrieval cue:
Any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long term memory
Flashbulb memories:
Recollections that seem so vivid that we can picture them as if were a snapshot of a moment in time.
Encoding specificity principle:
Observation that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
Context-Dependent Memory:
Easier to remember something in same environment where encoded
State-Dependent Memory:
Ability to retrieve better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding
Mood-congruent Recall:
Tend to recall information or events congruent with current mood.
Retrograde amnesia:
Memory loss for events that occurred prior to amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss for events after amnesia
Retrospective and Prospective memory:
Retrospective memory is for past events while prospective memory is remembering to perform and activity in the future
Misinformation:
the distortion of a memory by misleading post event information.
Source Confusion:
Tendency to recall something or recognize its as familiar, but forget where we encountered it.
Memory consolidation:
The creation and binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from short term memory in to longer term
Long term potentiation:
An enduring increase in synaptic strength that occurs after a neural circuit is rapidly stimulated
