Chapter 8

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Processes that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information

Question 2

Three basic processes of memorization

Answer 2

Encoding: Translating into neural code
Storage: Retained over time
Retrieval: Pulled back out

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

Holds incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be recognized

Question 4

Short-term memory:

Answer 4

Stores and processes information of which we are conscious of, coding and working on information

Question 5

Chunking:

Answer 5

Combining individual items into larger units of meaning

Question 6

Long-term memory:

Answer 6

Our vast library of more durable stored memories.

Question 7

Effortful processing and automatic processing:

Answer 7

Effortful processes is intentional and conscious, while automatic requires minimal attention and unintentionally

Question 8

Hierarchy:

Answer 8

Memory is enhanced by associations with life and existing knowledge, meaning of info, organization, and imagery

Question 9

Dual-coding theory:

Answer 9

Memory is enhanced if there is use of verbal and visual codes

Question 10

Schema:

Answer 10

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects.

Question 11

Associative networks:

Answer 11

A massive network of associated ideas and concepts. Priming occurs there is an activation of one concept by another

Question 12

Neural Network:

Answer 12

Each item in memory is represented by a patter or set of nodes. When nodes are activated simultaneously it is called parallel distributed processing (PDP).

Question 13

Declarative memory:

Answer 13

Can be verbalized and includes two subcategories:

1. Episodic memory: Personal experiences
2. Semantic memory: General factual knowledge

Question 14

Procedural memory:

Answer 14

Memory that is reflected in learned skills and actions

Question 15

Explicit memory:

Answer 15

Conscious or intentional memory retrieval

Question 16

Implicit memory:

Answer 16

When memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness.

Question 17

Retrieval cue:

Answer 17

Any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long term memory

Question 18

Flashbulb memories:

Answer 18

Recollections that seem so vivid that we can picture them as if were a snapshot of a moment in time.

Question 19

Encoding specificity principle:

Answer 19

Observation that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

Question 20

Context-Dependent Memory:

Answer 20

Easier to remember something in same environment where encoded

Question 21

State-Dependent Memory:

Answer 21

Ability to retrieve better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding

Question 22

Mood-congruent Recall:

Answer 22

Tend to recall information or events congruent with current mood.

Question 23

Retrograde amnesia:

Answer 23

Memory loss for events that occurred prior to amnesia

Question 24

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

Memory loss for events after amnesia

Question 25

Retrospective and Prospective memory:

Answer 25

Retrospective memory is for past events while prospective memory is remembering to perform and activity in the future

Question 26

Misinformation:

Answer 26

the distortion of a memory by misleading post event information.

Question 27

Source Confusion:

Answer 27

Tendency to recall something or recognize its as familiar, but forget where we encountered it.

Question 28

Memory consolidation:

Answer 28

The creation and binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from short term memory in to longer term

Question 29

Long term potentiation:

Answer 29

An enduring increase in synaptic strength that occurs after a neural circuit is rapidly stimulated