Chapter 7 Flashcards
Habituation:
Decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
Sensitization:
Increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimuli
Classical Conditioning:
When an organism associates two stimuli such that one comes to produce a response that originally was produced only by the other stimulus
Learning:
Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities
Acquisition:
Period during which association is being learned
Unconditioned stimulus:
Triggers a reflexive unconditioned response without prior learning
Unconditioned response:
Response triggered by unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
Conditioned stimulus:
Through association with UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response similar to the original UCR
Conditioned response:
Response triggered by a conditioned stimulus
Extinction:
Weakening, and eventual cessation of a CR, of a caused by the presentation of the CS without the UCS
Spontaneous Recovery:
Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials.
Generalization:
Stimuli similar to initial CS triggers CR. This aids in survival. Ex: If an animal hears the rustling of a bush and is attacked by a predator, through stimulus generalization the animal develops an alarm response to a range of rustling sounds.
Discrimination:
CR occurs to one stimulus, but not to another. Allows organisms to discriminate differences between stimuli preventing unnecessary stress.
Higher order Conditioning:
When a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after it is paired with another CS. Usually, this higher order CS is weaker and extinguishes more rapidly that the original CS
Exposure Therapies:
Exposure to the fears stimulus without any UCS, allowing extinction to occur.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect:
States that in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying result will become more likely to occur.
Operant Conditioning:
Type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by its consequences
Reinforcement and Punishment:
When a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it. Punishment being the exact opposite.
Discriminative stimulus:
A signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences.
Positive Reinforcement:
A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
Negative Reinforcement:
More on Page 241 Fig 7.12 in Psychology: Frontiers and Applications book.
Response strengthened by the subsequent removal or avoidance of a stimulus
Primary Reinforcers:
Stimuli that are reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. Secondary reinforces become reinforces when associated with primary reinforcers (E.g money, praise)
Delay of Gratification:
Ability to forego an immediate smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome
Shaping:
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response
Chaining:
Reinforcing each response with opportunity to perform the next response. Usually begins with the final response and works backwards to the first response
Operant Generalization:
An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situations that is similar to the original one.
Operant Discrimination:
Means an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.
Continuous Reinforcement
Every response of a particular type is reinforced. Whereas in partial reinforcement only some responses are reinforced
Fixed-ratio schedule:
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of response or fixed time interval
Variable-Ratio Schedule:
Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses or passage of time
Fixed interval schedule:
The first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced.
Variable interval schedule:
Reinforcement given for first correct response after a variable time interval.
Escape and Avoidance Conditioning:
In escape conditioning, organisms learn a response to terminate an aversive stimulus. Avoidance Conditioning is when an organisms learns a response to completely avoid an aversive stimulus.
Biological Preparedness:
Biologically prewired to easily learn behaviours related to survival
Instinctive Drift:
A conditioned response “drifts back” toward instinctive behaviour
Latent learning:
Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there in an incentive to perform.
Observational learning:
Learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model.
Four step of Modelling
Attention: Paying attention to the model’s behaviour
Retention: Retain the information in memory for recollection later
Reproduction: Must be physically capable of reproducing the model’s behaviour
Motivation: must be motivated to display the behaviour
