Chapter 6

Question 1

Consciousness:

Answer 1

Moment to moment awareness of ourselves and the environment

Question 2

What are some basic characteristics of consciousness?

Answer 2

• Subjective and private as others cannot know our reality
• Dynamic (ever-changing)
• Self reflective, the mind is aware of its own consciousness

Question 3

Three Psychodynamic views?

Answer 3

1. Conscious: Mental events we are currently aware of
2. Preconscious: Outside of current awareness; easily recalled
3. Unconscious: Not brought into conscious awareness under ordinary circumstances

Question 4

Controlled processing:

Answer 4

Voluntary use of attention and conscious effort. This method is slower but more flexible to new methods of approaching problems.

Question 5

Automatic processing:

Answer 5

Processes performed with little or no effort since the routine is well-learned. This also facilitates divided attentions which is the ability to perform more than one activity at the same time.

Question 6

Visual Agnosia:

Answer 6

Inability to visually recognize objects, even simple ones.

Question 7

Circadian Rhythms:

Answer 7

Biological cycles within the body that occur on a 24 hour cycle. Is regulated by the Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) located in the hypothalamus

Question 8

Melatonin:

Answer 8

Hormone that has a relaxing effect on the body promoting sleepiness.

Question 9

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD):

Answer 9

Disorder in which depressive symptoms appears or worsen during certain seasons of the year and then improve during the other seasons

Question 10

Describe and list the 4 stages of sleep.

Answer 10

Stage 1: As sleep begins, your brain-wave pattern becomes more irregular and slower theta waves increase. Only last a few minutes.
Stage 2: Muscles become more relaxed and sleep spindles form 1-2 second bursts of rapid brain-wave activity. Breathing and heart rate are slower.
Stage 3: Sleep deepens and very slow and large delta waves occur more often.
Stage 4: Delta waves dominate pattern and you become hard to awaken. This stage lasts for 20-30 minutes.

Question 11

REM sleep: (Rapid Eye Movement)

Answer 11

A recurring sleep stage of that increases physiological arousal, paralysis of the voluntary muscle, and a high rate of dreaming. Length of REM sleep increases as night progresses.

Question 12

What does the Restoration Model state?

Answer 12

• Sleep recharges our body and

- allows us to recover from physical and metal fatigue

Question 13

Insomnia:

Answer 13

The chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.

Question 14

Narcolepsy:

Answer 14

Sudden loss of muscle tone and is genetic. Causes extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks

Question 15

REM-sleep behaviour disorder (RBD):

Answer 15

The loss of muscle tone causes normal REM sleep paralysis to be absent causing sleeper to act out dreams.

Question 16

Sleep Apnea:

Answer 16

Repeated cycle in which breathing stop and restarts during sleep. Cause is most commonly an obstruction of upper airway.

Question 17

Nightmares:

Answer 17

Frightening dreams that occurs during REM sleep most often

Question 18

Night Terrors:

Answer 18

Frightening dreams that arouse sleeper to a nearpanic stat, most common during childhood

Question 19

What is the difference between Agonists drugs and antagonists drugs?

Answer 19

Agonistic drugs increase neurotransmitter activity while antagonistic drugs inhibit or decrease neurotransmitter activity

Question 20

Tolerance:

Answer 20

Condition where increasingly larger doses of a drug are required to produce the same level of bodily response. This is caused by the bodies compensatory responses which produce reactions opposite to that of the drug in attempt to achieve homeostasis

Question 21

Withdrawal:

Answer 21

The occurrence of compensatory responses after frug use is discontinued causing a person to experience physiological reactions opposite to those that had been produced by the drug

Question 22

Depressants:

Answer 22

Decrease nervous system activity and feelings of tension and anxiety e.g. alcohol and tranquilizers

Question 23

Stimulants:

Answer 23

Increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system. They increase blood pressure,respiration, heart rate, and overall alertness.

Question 24

What do Amphetamines do?

Answer 24

Increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Heavy us can produce amphetamine psychosis.

Question 25

Ecstasy:

Answer 25

Gives feelings of pleasure, elation, empathy, and warmth because of its interference with serotonin reuptake.

Question 26

Cocaine and Crack:

Answer 26

Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine and can cause fever convulsions, hallucinations, and delusions. Crack increases effects and is more intense

Question 27

What do opiates do?

Answer 27

Binds to receptors activated by endorphins to produce pain relief and mood changes, but is highly addictive and causes a traumatic withdrawal.

Question 28

Hallucinogens:

Answer 28

These are powerful mind altering drugs that produce hallucinations and most come from natural sources.