Chapter 8

Question 1

federal bureaucracy

Answer 1

The thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that implement federal laws and programs

Question 2

Spoils System

Answer 2

The firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of the newly elected party.

Question 3

Patronage

Answer 3

Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for the support.

Question 4

merit system

Answer 4

A system of employment based on qualifications, test scores, and ability rather than party loyalty.

Question 5

Pendleton Act

Answer 5

Reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission.

Question 6

Civil Service System

Answer 6

the merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected.

Question 7

Independent Regulatory Commission

Answer 7

An entity created by Congress outside a major executive department

Question 8

Departments

Answer 8

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. Department status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular government function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.

Question 9

Independent Executive Agencies

Answer 9

Government units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility and perform services rather than regulatory functions.

Question 10

Government Corporations

Answer 10

Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide.

Question 11

Hatch Act

Answer 11

the 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate.

Question 12

implementation

Answer 12

the process by which a law or policy is put into operation

Question 13

Iron triangles

Answer 13

The relatively ironclad relationships and patterns or interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees.

Question 14

issue networks

Answer 14

The loose informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas.

Question 15

Inter-agency councils

Answer 15

Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of government agencies.

Question 16

Policy coordination committees

Answer 16

Sub-cabinet level committees created to facilitate interactions between agencies and departments to handle complex policy problems.

Question 17

Administrative discretion

Answer 17

The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions.

Question 18

Rule Making

Answer 18

A quasi legislative process resulting in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act.

Question 19

Regulations

Answer 19

Rules governing the operation of all government programs that have the force of law.

Question 20

Administrative adjudication

Answer 20

A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes.