Chapter 3

Question 1

Federal system

Answer 1

System of government in which the national and the state government share power and derive all authority from the people.

Question 2

Confederation

Answer 2

Type of government in which the national government derives its power from the states; a league of independent states.

Question 3

Unitary System

Answer 3

System of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government.

Question 4

Enumerated Powers

Answer 4

The powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution.

Question 5

Implied Powers

Answer 5

The powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.

Question 6

Concurrent powers

Answer 6

Powers shared by the national and state governments.

Question 7

Bill of attainder

Answer 7

A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 8

ex posto facto law

Answer 8

Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

Question 9

Dillon’s Rule

Answer 9

A premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

Question 10

Charter

Answer 10

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Charters for local government must be approved by state legislatures.

Question 11

County

Answer 11

The basic administrative unit of local government.

Question 12

Municipality

Answer 12

City governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas.

Question 13

Special district

Answer 13

A local government that is restricted to a particular function

Question 14

Barron vs Baltimore (1833)

Answer 14

The Supreme court ruled that the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the actions of the States. This decision limited the Bill of Rights to the actions of Congress Alone.

Question 15

Dual federalism

Answer 15

The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism.

Question 16

Nullification

Answer 16

The right of a state to declare void of a federal law.

Question 17

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Answer 17

The Supreme Court concluded that the Us Congress lacked the constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of national power, while it enhanced that of the states.

Question 18

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 18

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

Question 19

Cooperative federalism

Answer 19

The intertwined relationship between the national, state and local governments that began with the New Deal, often referred to as marble -cake federalism.

Question 20

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Answer 20

The supreme court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause. The Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Question 21

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

Answer 21

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s Commerce Clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Question 22

New Deal

Answer 22

The name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression.

Question 23

Categorical grant

Answer 23

Grants that appropriates federal funds to states for a specific purpose.

Question 24

New federalism

Answer 24

Federal-state relationship proposed by Reagan administration during the 1980’s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments.

Question 25

Block Grant

Answer 25

A large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.

Question 26

programmatic request

Answer 26

Federal funds for special projects within a state or congressional district.

Question 27

Preemption

Answer 27

A concept that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas.

Question 28

Progressive federalism

Answer 28

A pragmatic approach to a federalism that views relations between national and state government as both coercive and cooperative

Question 29

Tenth Amendment

Answer 29

The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

Question 30

reserved powers

Answer 30

Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation or a state’s rights to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens.

Question 31

full faith and credit clause

Answer 31

Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

Question 32

privileges and immunities clause

Answer 32

Part of Article IV of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.

Question 33

Extradition Clause

Answer 33

Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite. or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial.

Question 34

Interstate compacts

Answer 34

Contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multi state policy concerns.

Question 35

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 35

Amendment to the U.S. constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection from state legislatures.