Chapter 8

Question 1

A ______ is a homogeneous (uniform) mixture of 2 or more chemical sin which the particles intermingle on an atomic, molecular, or ionic level.

Answer 1

solution

Question 2

The ____ is the major or most abundant component of a solution.

Answer 2

solvent

Question 3

The _____ is the minor component of a solution, present in smaller amounts when compared to the amount of solvent.

Answer 3

solute

Question 4

A solution which uses water as the solvent is referred to as an ______ ______.

Answer 4

aqueous solution

Question 5

A liquid solution which does not use water as the solvent is sometimes called a ____ _____ ______.

Answer 5

non-aqueous solution

Question 6

Since chemists often analyze the chemical behavior of solutes in a given solution, solutes are also referred to as ______.

Answer 6

analytes

Question 7

_____ _____ have a fixed, invariable composition.

Answer 7

Chemical compounds

Question 8

The ______ of a solute is the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.

Answer 8

solubility

Question 9

When a specific amount of solvent contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved for a given set of conditions, the solution is said to be ______.

Answer 9

saturated

Question 10

An _______ solution is simply a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved for a given set of conditions.

Answer 10

unsaturated

Question 11

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than needed for a saturated solution is a ______ ______.

Answer 11

supersaturated solution

Question 12

The _____ of a solution is a description of the amount of solute present in a specified amount of solvent or a specified amount of solution.

Answer 12

concentration

Question 13

Mathematically, concentration is expressed as one of the following ratios:

Answer 13

amount of solute/amount of solvent OR

amount of solute/amount of solution

Question 14

The ________ description of concentration is defined as the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution multiplied by 100.

Answer 14

percent by mass

Question 15

The ______ description of concentration is defined as the volume of the solute divided by the volume of the solution multiplied by 100.

Answer 15

percent by volume

Question 16

The _____ description of concentration is defined as the mass of solute (in grams) divided by the volume of the solution (in milliliters) multiplied by 100.

Answer 16

percent mass-volume

Question 17

The _____ is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution. The unit volume of a solution chosen was one liter. Thus, this is moles per liter of solution.

Answer 17

molarity

Question 18

In order to calculate the volume required to prepare a dilute solution which is made from a more concentrated solution, one must know the ______ of the original solution.

Answer 18

concentration

Question 19

A _____ or ________ is a solution of known concentration that is used to prepare other working solutions of lesser concentration in the laboratory.

Answer 19

stock or standard solution

Question 20

______ is a process wherein more solvent is added to a solution, by a specific amount, so as to lower the concentration of the solution.

Answer 20

Dilution

Question 21

Dilution always ______ the concentration of a solution.

Answer 21

concentration

Question 22

Dilution does not change the total number of ____ of solute present. It simply increases the volume over which the solute particles are distributed.

Answer 22

moles

Question 23

_______ is the process in which solvent is removed from a solution, by a specific amount, so as to increase the concentration of the solution.

Answer 23

Concentration

Question 24

Concentration always ______ the concentration of a solution.

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

Concentration does not change the number of moles of solute present. It simply _____ the volume over which the solute particles are distributed.

Answer 25

decreases

Question 26

Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are properties of solutions called ______ ______.

Answer 26

colligative properties

Question 27

______ ______ are the collective physical properties of a solution. These properties depend on the relative amounts of impurities in a pure substance but not on the identity of the impurity.

Answer 27

Colligative properties

Question 28

The boiling point elevation is a direct results of changes in the ______ _____ of the substance when a nonvolatile impurity is present.

Answer 28

vapor pressure

Question 29

______ is a phenomenon that occurs as water passes across a semipermeable membrane from the more dilute solution towards the more concentrated solution.

Answer 29

Osmosis

Question 30

A _______ ______ is a barrier that divides 2 different compartments and is selective in what it allows to pass from one compartment to the other.

Answer 30

semipermeable membrane

Question 31

______ ______ is defined as the amount of pressure that must be applied to the solution on the concentrated side of the membrane in order to prevent the flow of water across the semipermeable barrier.

Answer 31

Osmotic pressure

Question 32

The mathematical description of osmotic pressure is:

Answer 32

P - i M R T

Question 33

In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, "P" stands for _______.

Answer 33

pressure

Question 34

In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, "i" stands for _______.

Answer 34

van't Hoff factor

Question 35

In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, "M" stands for _______.

Answer 35

molarity

Question 36

In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, "R" stands for _______.

Answer 36

ideal gas constant

Question 37

In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, "T" stands for _______.

Answer 37

Kelvin temperature

Question 38

Since the Kelvin temperature is usually constant under biological conditions and R is constant, the equation can be simplified by eliminating R and T and comparing only the osmolarity solutions:

Answer 38

Osmolarity = i x M

Question 39

______ solution refers to a solution that has the same osmolarity as a normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they are happy and function normally.

Answer 39

Isotonic

Question 40

______ solution refers to a solution that has a lower osmolarity than that of the normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they swell and burst.

Answer 40

Hypotonic

Question 41

______ solution refers to a solution that has a higher osmolarity than that of a normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they shrink (or crenate) as the water is being sucked out of them.

Answer 41

Hypertonic

Question 42

_____ is a complex process used to remove ions and small waste molecules and at the same time, block the removal of large complexes like proteins.

Answer 42

Dialysis