Chapter 8 Flashcards
A ______ is a homogeneous (uniform) mixture of 2 or more chemical sin which the particles intermingle on an atomic, molecular, or ionic level.
solution
The ____ is the major or most abundant component of a solution.
solvent
The _____ is the minor component of a solution, present in smaller amounts when compared to the amount of solvent.
solute
A solution which uses water as the solvent is referred to as an ______ ______.
aqueous solution
A liquid solution which does not use water as the solvent is sometimes called a ____ _____ ______.
non-aqueous solution
Since chemists often analyze the chemical behavior of solutes in a given solution, solutes are also referred to as ______.
analytes
_____ _____ have a fixed, invariable composition.
Chemical compounds
The ______ of a solute is the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
solubility
When a specific amount of solvent contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved for a given set of conditions, the solution is said to be ______.
saturated
An _______ solution is simply a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved for a given set of conditions.
unsaturated
A solution that contains more dissolved solute than needed for a saturated solution is a ______ ______.
supersaturated solution
The _____ of a solution is a description of the amount of solute present in a specified amount of solvent or a specified amount of solution.
concentration
Mathematically, concentration is expressed as one of the following ratios:
amount of solute/amount of solvent OR
amount of solute/amount of solution
The ________ description of concentration is defined as the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution multiplied by 100.
percent by mass
The ______ description of concentration is defined as the volume of the solute divided by the volume of the solution multiplied by 100.
percent by volume
The _____ description of concentration is defined as the mass of solute (in grams) divided by the volume of the solution (in milliliters) multiplied by 100.
percent mass-volume
The _____ is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution. The unit volume of a solution chosen was one liter. Thus, this is moles per liter of solution.
molarity
In order to calculate the volume required to prepare a dilute solution which is made from a more concentrated solution, one must know the ______ of the original solution.
concentration
A _____ or ________ is a solution of known concentration that is used to prepare other working solutions of lesser concentration in the laboratory.
stock or standard solution
______ is a process wherein more solvent is added to a solution, by a specific amount, so as to lower the concentration of the solution.
Dilution
Dilution always ______ the concentration of a solution.
concentration
Dilution does not change the total number of ____ of solute present. It simply increases the volume over which the solute particles are distributed.
moles
_______ is the process in which solvent is removed from a solution, by a specific amount, so as to increase the concentration of the solution.
Concentration
Concentration always ______ the concentration of a solution.
increases
Concentration does not change the number of moles of solute present. It simply _____ the volume over which the solute particles are distributed.
decreases
Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are properties of solutions called ______ ______.
colligative properties
______ ______ are the collective physical properties of a solution. These properties depend on the relative amounts of impurities in a pure substance but not on the identity of the impurity.
Colligative properties
The boiling point elevation is a direct results of changes in the ______ _____ of the substance when a nonvolatile impurity is present.
vapor pressure
______ is a phenomenon that occurs as water passes across a semipermeable membrane from the more dilute solution towards the more concentrated solution.
Osmosis
A _______ ______ is a barrier that divides 2 different compartments and is selective in what it allows to pass from one compartment to the other.
semipermeable membrane
______ ______ is defined as the amount of pressure that must be applied to the solution on the concentrated side of the membrane in order to prevent the flow of water across the semipermeable barrier.
Osmotic pressure
The mathematical description of osmotic pressure is:
P - i M R T
In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, “P” stands for _______.
pressure
In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, “i” stands for _______.
van’t Hoff factor
In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, “M” stands for _______.
molarity
In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, “R” stands for _______.
ideal gas constant
In the mathematical description of osmotic pressure, “T” stands for _______.
Kelvin temperature
Since the Kelvin temperature is usually constant under biological conditions and R is constant, the equation can be simplified by eliminating R and T and comparing only the osmolarity solutions:
Osmolarity = i x M
______ solution refers to a solution that has the same osmolarity as a normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they are happy and function normally.
Isotonic
______ solution refers to a solution that has a lower osmolarity than that of the normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they swell and burst.
Hypotonic
______ solution refers to a solution that has a higher osmolarity than that of a normal physiological fluid. When RBCs are placed into this, they shrink (or crenate) as the water is being sucked out of them.
Hypertonic
_____ is a complex process used to remove ions and small waste molecules and at the same time, block the removal of large complexes like proteins.
Dialysis
