Chapter 4 Flashcards
When two or more different atoms combine with one another to form a new substance, it is called a ______.
compound
_________ are the attractive forces that cause atoms to “stick” together - nature’s velcro.
Chemical bonds
________ are the electrons in the outer most shell of an atom.
Valence electrons
Valence electrons are the electron in the __________ of an atom.
outer most shell
There are two different defined models of chemical bonds which are characterized based upon hot the valence electrons of the atom interact. These 2 models of chemical bonding are called __________ and __________.
ionic bonds and covalent bonds
The ________ is a key concept in modern chemistry developed by Gilbert Lewis.
octet rule
When two different atoms or ions have the same electron configuration, they are said to be __________ with each other.
isoelectronic
________ results from the TRANSFER of electrons from one atom or group of atoms to another.
Ionic bonds
An _______ is an atom that carries a formal charge based upon an imbalance between the number of protons in the nucleus and the total number of electrons.
ion
________ are formed when an atom of group of atoms gives up or donates one or more electrons.
Cations (+)
Cations are _______ charged ions.
positively
_______ are formed when an atom or group of atoms accepts one or more electrons.
Anions (-)
Anions are _______ charged ions.
negatively
The compound formed by the attraction of ions is called an _________.
ionic compound
Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called __________.
ionic compounds
Compounds formed by covalent bonds are called _________.
molecular compounds
The chemical formula for a molecular or ionic compound lists what 2 things?
- the type of atoms present
2. the ration of atoms present
The ______ of the ions is NOT included in the formula.
charge
Ionic compounds always involve an interaction between a _____ and a _______ atom or atoms.
metal and nonmetal
In an ionic compound, the metal always takes on the _____ charge.
positive
In an ionic compound, the nonmetal always takes on the _______ charge.
negative
_______ elements with d orbitals can actually take on more than one stable ionic charge.
Transition
In order to predict the formula for an ionic compound formed by the interaction of a transition metal with a nonmetal, we must know what?
The charge o the transition metal
_________ are formed when two different elements chemically combine regardless of the number of atoms or ions present.
Binary Compounds (bi = 2)
______-_______ metals are metal atoms that have a fixed charge.
Fixed-charge
________-________ metals are metal atoms that can take on more than one stable charge or oxidation state.
Variable-charge
The most common compounds that have 3 different types of elements present are called __________.
ternary compounds
_________ means “many atom ions”.
polyatomic ions
Polyatomic ions are ______ of nonmetal atoms that carry a charge.
clusters
What is the name, charge, and formula for phosphate?
PO (subscript 4)^3-
What is the name, charge, and formula for nitrate?
NO (subscript 3)^-
What is the name, charge, and formula for sulfate?
SO (subscript 4)^2-
What is the name, charge, and formula for carbonate?
CO(subscript 3)^2-
What is the name, charge, and formula for cyanide?
CN-
What is the name, charge, and formula for ammonium?
NH(subscript 4)^+
What is the name, charge, and formula for hydroxide?
OH-
Ammonium ions can substitute for ______ in ionic compounds.
metals
Atoms are usually found as _______ with other atoms in nature.
clusters
Elements are the ________ of all matter.
building blocks
Compounds are formed when ______ or more atoms of different elements combine.
2
__________ are the attractive forces which holds atoms together.
Chemical bonds
Valence electrons are found in the outer _______ of the electron configuration.
shell (or energy level)
Electrons in the outer most sublevel are called __________.
valence electrons
How many different types of chemical bonds are there?
2
The chemical behavior of atoms (reactivity) is determined by the ________.
valence
The electron configurations of atoms involved in a chemical bond ________ each other.
compliment
There are 2 major types of chemical bonds. These include ______ and ________ bonds.
ionic and covalent
This bond is associated with the transfer of electrons.
ionic bond
This bond is associated with the sharing of electrons.
covalent bond
Charged atoms occur when _________ are transferred of accepted by atoms or groups of them.
electrons
Both positive and negative charged atoms or groups of atoms are called ______.
ions
The loss or gain of electrons alters the proton to electron balance and leaves the atom with a net _______.
charge
TRUE or FALSE:
Cations are formed when an atom or group of atoms accepts one or more electrons.
False
TRUE or FALSE:
When an atom accepts electrons, it will become an ion with more protons than is has electrons.
False
Ionic compounds are formed by _____ and ______ ions.
positive and negative
TRUE or FALSE:
Ionic compounds are defined at 3-D structures called molecules.
false
TRUE or FALSE:
Cations and anions are not necessarily the same size and in most cases are quite different.
true
TRUE or FALSE:
An ionic solid is also considered a molecular compound.
false
When table salt is formed the Na atom becomes the ____ and the Cl atom becomes the ______.
cation;
anion
TRUE or FALSE:
Scientists completely understand chemical bonding and the rules that govern chemical behavior.
false
Which elements provide a basis of understanding for chemical bonding?
noble gases
TRUE or FALSE:
The noble gases are chemically reactive elements with interesting chemical properties.
false
Atoms tend to be happy or content when they have ______ outer s and p subshells.
filled
For all representative elements and noble gases, except He, the outer shell is filled with ______ electrons.
8
The tendency for atoms to lose, gain, or share valence electrons so that they can have the electron configuration of a noble gas is known as the ________.
octet rule
When Na loses an electron, which of the outer shells is filled with 8 electrons?
The 2nd shell
What would be the proper ionic symbol for an O atom with 2 negative charges?
O^2-
If Cl gains an electron, with which element is the Cl- ion isoelectronic?
Argon (Ar)
Explain why Cl gains one electron rather than lose 7 to fill it’s outer shell.
In nature, conditions will never allow this to happen, so in order to achieve octet rule, it gains just 1 electron to fill it’s outer shell.
What would you predict for all group IA elements?
They will all lose an electron, becoming positively charged.
A chemical formula of an ionic compound shows the ______ ratio of ions.
lowest
TRUE or FALSE:
Ionic charge is always presented in the formula of the ionic compound.
false
One of the features common to all ionic compounds is that the interaction of atoms always involves a _____ with a _____.
metal;
nonmetal
What would you predict to be the charge associated with all group VIA elements in an ionic form?
2- charge
What is the charge on an Fe atom found in FeCl2
2+
TRUE or FALSE:
Copper (Cu) has a fixed ionic charge of 2+.
false.
The only transition metals that have fixed charges are Ag (1+), Zn (2+), and Cd (3+).
Binary compounds are formed by _____ ______ elements.
two different
Naming of binary ionic compounds is based on whether or not the metal atom has a ______ or ________ charge.
fixed or variable
Clusters of atoms with more than one type of atom which carry a charge are called ____________.
polyatomic ions
___________ is when a substance passes from the solid phase to the gaseous phase without first passing through the liquid phase.
sublimation
_________ is the process used to separate the components of a mixture of solid substances in a certain solvent, when those substances differ in solubility.
filtration
Liquid that has passed to filter paper is called the ________; the solid on the paper is the _______.
filtrate;
residue
Separating the solid from the liquid may require a process called _________.
decanting
__________ is lowly heating a solution in an evaporating dish so that the solute remains after the solvent has evaporated.
Evaporation
