Chapter 10 Flashcards
A _______ is any substance that can donate a proton (H+ ion) to some other substance. In other words, this is a proton (H+ ion) donor.
Bronsted-Lowry acid
A _______ base is any substance that can accept a proton (H+ ion) from some other substance. In other words, this is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor.
Bronsted-Lowry base
A substance that can accept a proton from another species is a _______.
Bronsted-Lowry base
The hydrogen ion is also called a ______.
proton
An _____ is a hydrogen-containing compound that in water, produces hydrogen ions (H+).
Arrhenius acid
An ______ is a hydroxide-containing compound that in water, produces hydroxide ions (OH-).
Arrhenius base
Arrhenius bases are also called _______.
hydroxide bases
_____ is the production of hydrogen ions from a molecular compound that has been dissolved in a solution.
Ionization
______ is the production of ions from an ionic compound that has been dissolved in a solution.
Dissociation
_______ is the process in which individual positive and negative ions are produced from a molecular compound that is dissolved in a solution.
Ionization
_______ is the process in which individual positive and negative ions are released from an ionic compound that is dissolved in a solution.
Dissociation
_____ and ______ are coupled together in a chemical reaction. Proton donation from an acid can only take place when there is an acceptor base present. It is impossible to have a Bronsted-Lowry acid without a Bronsted-Lowry base.
Acids and bases
The real acidic species in an aqueous solution is not the proton (H+ ion) but the ______. The formation of this is due to the strong attraction between the hydrogen ion of the acid and the polar water molecule. The type of bond formed is called a _________ bond because both bonding electrons are supplied by the oxygen atom.
hydronium ion (H3O+); a coordinate covalent bond
The bond between a water molecule and a proton (when a hydronium ion is formed) is called _________.
a coordinate covalent bond
TRUE or FALSE:
The bonding electrons between a water molecule and a proton (when a hydronium ion is formed) are furnished equally. In other words, one electron is contributed by the oxygen atom and one electron is contributed by the proton.
False - protons don’t have electrons to contribute
TRUE or FALSE: Hydroiodic acid (HI) can be classified correctly as either an Arrhenius acid or a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
True
TRUE or FALSE:
Ammonia (NH3) can be classified correctly as either Arrhenius base or a Bronsted-Lowry base.
False - it is a Bronsted-Lowry base but not an Arrhenius base
A ______ is two species, one an acid and one a base, that differ from each other through the loss of gain of a proton (H+ ion).
conjugate acid-base pair
A _______ is the species formed when a proton (H+ ion) is added to a Bronsted-Lowry base.
conjugate acid
A _______ is the species that remains when a proton (H+ ion) is removed from a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
conjugate base
A ______ is a substance that can either lose or accept a proton and thus can function as either a Bronsted-Lowry acid or Bronsted-Lowry base.
amphiprotic substance
Depending on the other species present in the reaction, _____ can act as either a Bronsted-Lowry base or a Bronsted-Lowry acid. Any ion or molecule that can behave as either an acid or a base is said to be amphiprotic.
water
A ______ is a molecule that can either accept or donate a proton. Therefore, it can act as either a Bronsted-Lowry acid or a Bronsted-Lowry base – depending on the given conditions of the solution.
amphiprotic species
The _____ mixture of a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction always contains 2 acids and 2 bases.
equilibrium
The acid in a conjugate pair always has ______ H atom and is one unit more ______ that the conjugate base.
one more;
positive
The base in the conjugate pair always has ____ H atom and is one unit more _____ that the conjugate acid.
one less;
negative
A _____ is an acid that can donate only one proton (H+ ion) in an acid-base reaction.
monoprotic acid
A ______ is an acid that can donate 2 protons (H+ ions) in an acid-base reaction.
diprotic acid
A ______ is an acid that can donate 3 protons (H+ ions) in an acid-base reaction.
triprotic acid
A base that can accept 2 protons is a ______.
diprotic base
TRUE or FALSE:
The species HPO4- and H3PO4 are conjugates of each other.
False - they differ by more than one proton
Diprotic and triprotic acids are both examples of _______.
polyprotic acids
A ______ is an acid that can donate 2 or more protons (H+ ions) in an acid-base reaction.
polyprotic acid
What are the 3 rules in chemical formula writing that convey whether or not a hydrogen-containing substance is an acid?
- If a molecule is an acid, start the chemical formula with H.
- If the molecule is not an acid, do not begin the chemical formula with H.
- If a molecule is an acid but not every hydrogen atom is involved in the acid-base reaction, only the acidic hydrogen atom(s) are listed first and separately from the non-acidic hydrogen atoms.
The transfer of the protons from ______ is always stepwise – that is, __ proton is transferred at a time in a sequential way.
polyprotic acids;
1
When a double arrow for a system at equilibrium have unequal lengths, the longer arrow denotes the direction in which the _________ lies.
equilibrium
A ____ is a base that can accept 2 or more protons (H+ ions) in an acid-base reaction.
polyprotic base
A ______ is an acid that reacts completely with water to produce solutions in which 100% (or nearly 100%) of all acid molecules have transferred their proton (H+ ion) to water.
strong acid
A ______ is an acid that reacts incompletely with water to produce solutions in which only a small percentage of all acid molecules have transferred their proton (H+ ion) to water.
weak acid
What are the 6 strong acids?
hydrochloric acid; hydrobromic acid; hydroiodic acid; nitric acid; sulfuric acid; perchloric acid
What is the chemical symbol for hydrochloric acid?
HCl