Chapter 8

Question 1

Logical processes that can be reversed

Answer 1

Operations

Question 2

The child’s inability to take another person’s perspective

Answer 2

Egocentrism

Question 3

The idea that inanimate objects have conscious life and feelings

Answer 3

Animism

Question 4

The notion that natural events or objects are under the control of people or of superhuman agents

Answer 4

Artificialism

Question 5

The understanding that some basic properties of objects remain the same even when a transformation changes the physical appearance

Answer 5

Conservation

Question 6

Speech that we hear as people talk around us or to us

Answer 6

Social speech

Question 7

Speech that children say aloud to themselves; later internalized to form inner speech and mental activity

Answer 7

Private speech

Question 8

The process of taking external speech and making it internal and mental

Answer 8

Internalization

Question 9

The process adults and more skilled peers use to introduce concepts and cognitive structures to less skilled children

Answer 9

Meditation

Question 10

The distance between the current maximum independent performance level of the child and the tasks the child can perform if guided by adults or more capable peers

Answer 10

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 11

Support given to a child as he or she develops a new mental function or learns to perform a particular task

Answer 11

Scaffolding

Question 12

Process where children work together to help one another solve problems, share their knowledge and skills, and discuss their strategies and knowledge

Answer 12

Collaborative learning

Question 13

The amount of information a person can remember or think about at one time

Answer 13

Processing capacity

Question 14

The speed and accuracy with which a person can process information

Answer 14

Processing efficiency

Question 15

The ability to carry out a process with little or no conscious effort, leaving more cognitive capacity to carry out other tasks

Answer 15

Automaticity

Question 16

The ability to focus on a particular stimulus without becoming distracted by other stimuli

Answer 16

Attention

Question 17

The understanding or knowledge that people have about their own thought process

Answer 17

Metacognition

Question 18

An integrated understanding of what the mind is, how it works, and why it works that way

Answer 18

Theory of mind

Question 19

Neurons that fire when an individual produces an action and when the individual observe someone else making the action; the neurons “mirror” the behavior of someone else

Answer 19

Mirror neurons

Question 20

Incorrect application of the linguistic rules for producing past tenses and plurals, resulting in incorrect forms of irregular words such as goed or deers

Answer 20

Overregularization

Question 21

Conventions that speakers of a language follow when having a conversation

Answer 21

Social rules of discourse

Question 22

Fluent in two languages

Answer 22

Bilingual

Question 23

Federally funded, comprehensive program designed to improve academic achievement and opportunity for young children

Answer 23

Project Head Start

Question 24

Project designed to assess the impact of full-time, high-quality intervention beginning in infancy; served primarily African American children living in poverty

Answer 24

Abecedarian Project

Question 25

Program offering high quality partial-day intervention during the school year for young African-American children living in poverty

Answer 25

High/Scope Perry Preschool Program

Question 26

Program designed to avoid lower cost, high-quality preschool education and support services to children and families from preschool through third-grade

Answer 26

Chicago Longitudinal Project

Question 27

Thought characterized by the use of mental representations (symbols) and intuitive thought

Answer 27

Pre operational thought