Chapter 11

Question 1

stage of cognitive development in which children are able to think about two or more dimensions of a problem (decentered thought), dynamic transformations, and reversible operations

Answer 1

concrete operational thought

Question 2

a model of human memory that views information as moving through a series of storage locations, from the sensory stores to short-term store to long-term store

Answer 2

stores model (of memory)

Question 3

the process of recoding individual elements in memory into larger groups of information

Answer 3

chunking

Question 4

models of human memory that view memory as an interconnected network of concept nodes connected by links of varying strengths

Answer 4

network models (of memory)

Question 5

the information currently active in your memory system and currently available for use in a mental task

Answer 5

working memory

Question 6

memory of knowledge or events that is permanent

Answer 6

long-term memory

Question 7

the process of forming a mental representation of information

Answer 7

encoding

Question 8

placing information in permanent, or long-term, memory

Answer 8

storage

Question 9

the process of finding information in memory at the desired time

Answer 9

accessing

Question 10

in the stores model, retrieval is the process of bringing information from the long-term store to the short-term store. In network models, retrieval is the process of activating information so that it becomes a part of the working memory and thus available for use

Answer 10

retrieval

Question 11

a characteristic of human memory. We store parts of events and knowledge; during recall we retrieve the stored pieces and draw inferences about the rest

Answer 11

reconstructive memory

Question 12

memories of events of great personal importance. They are episodic memories and are often vivid and detailed

Answer 12

autobiographical memories

Question 13

the amount of information a person knows about a particular topic

Answer 13

knowledge base

Question 14

conscious, intentional, and controllable plans used to improve performance

Answer 14

strategies

Question 15

models of cognition that are programmed on computers: output of the programs is compared to human performance

Answer 15

computational models

Question 16

sets of computerized if-then statements that state the specific actions that will be taken under certain conditions

Answer 16

production systems

Question 17

“neurally inspired” or neural network models of cognition that view knowledge as based on patterns of activation among interconnected sets of individual units rather than stored as entire concepts

Answer 17

connectionist models

Question 18

the view that memory representations vary on a continuum from exact and literal to imprecise and general memory traces based on the gist of the information or event

Answer 18

fuzzy trace theory

Question 19

a person’s explicit knowledge about language itself and about his or her own use of it

Answer 19

metalingustic awareness

Question 20

stories about personal experiences that use language to inform others about the self and that provide increased self-understanding

Answer 20

personal narratives

Question 21

a perceptual process in which people quickly and easily determine how many objects are in a small set without actually counting them

Answer 21

subitizing

Question 22

the idea that children solve math problems by choosing the fastest approach that they can execute accurately

Answer 22

strategy choice model

Question 23

the understanding that words are made up of smaller units of sound; also, association of printed letters with the sounds that go with them

Answer 23

phonemic awareness

Question 24

incorrect spellings that children create by sounding out words and writing the associated letters

Answer 24

inventive spellings

Question 25

adding or “dumping” in ideas as they come to mind; a failure to selectively organize ideas in writing

Answer 25

knowledge telling