Chapter 11 Flashcards
stage of cognitive development in which children are able to think about two or more dimensions of a problem (decentered thought), dynamic transformations, and reversible operations
concrete operational thought
a model of human memory that views information as moving through a series of storage locations, from the sensory stores to short-term store to long-term store
stores model (of memory)
the process of recoding individual elements in memory into larger groups of information
chunking
models of human memory that view memory as an interconnected network of concept nodes connected by links of varying strengths
network models (of memory)
the information currently active in your memory system and currently available for use in a mental task
working memory
memory of knowledge or events that is permanent
long-term memory
the process of forming a mental representation of information
encoding
placing information in permanent, or long-term, memory
storage
the process of finding information in memory at the desired time
accessing
in the stores model, retrieval is the process of bringing information from the long-term store to the short-term store. In network models, retrieval is the process of activating information so that it becomes a part of the working memory and thus available for use
retrieval
a characteristic of human memory. We store parts of events and knowledge; during recall we retrieve the stored pieces and draw inferences about the rest
reconstructive memory
memories of events of great personal importance. They are episodic memories and are often vivid and detailed
autobiographical memories
the amount of information a person knows about a particular topic
knowledge base
conscious, intentional, and controllable plans used to improve performance
strategies
models of cognition that are programmed on computers: output of the programs is compared to human performance
computational models
sets of computerized if-then statements that state the specific actions that will be taken under certain conditions
production systems
“neurally inspired” or neural network models of cognition that view knowledge as based on patterns of activation among interconnected sets of individual units rather than stored as entire concepts
connectionist models
the view that memory representations vary on a continuum from exact and literal to imprecise and general memory traces based on the gist of the information or event
fuzzy trace theory
a person’s explicit knowledge about language itself and about his or her own use of it
metalingustic awareness
stories about personal experiences that use language to inform others about the self and that provide increased self-understanding
personal narratives
a perceptual process in which people quickly and easily determine how many objects are in a small set without actually counting them
subitizing
the idea that children solve math problems by choosing the fastest approach that they can execute accurately
strategy choice model
the understanding that words are made up of smaller units of sound; also, association of printed letters with the sounds that go with them
phonemic awareness
incorrect spellings that children create by sounding out words and writing the associated letters
inventive spellings
adding or “dumping” in ideas as they come to mind; a failure to selectively organize ideas in writing
knowledge telling
