Chapter 12 Flashcards
the process in which children compare their own qualities and performances to those of their peers
social comparison
the ways people describe themselves; also called self-concepts
self-representations
the judgements people make about themselves
self-evaluations
the emotions people feel about themselves
self-esteem
withdrawing friendship or otherwise disrupting or threatening social relationships as a way to hurt other people
relational aggression
how children think about helping others, including their reasons for deciding whether to help another person
prosocial reasoning
ongoing verbal or physical aggression aimed at particular victims and involving an imbalance of power
bullying
children who succeed, achieve, or otherwise have positive developmental outcomes despite growing up under negative conditions
resilient children
role reversal in which a child assumes responsibilities usually taken care of by parents
parentification
subtle effects of divorce that may not become apparent until children reach adolescence or young adulthood and have difficulty forming intimate and stable relationships
sleeper effect (of divorce)
a model used to understand divorce outcomes; emphasizes that a complex interaction of stressors, specific vulnerabilities, and protective factors determine an individual child’s adjustment to divorce
divorce-stress adjustment perspective
a model used to understand divorce outcome; emphasizes that certain characteristics of parents (e.g., abusiveness) rather than the divorce itself cause children’s negative outcomes
selection model
a polling technique used to identify categories of popular and unpopular children
peer nomination technique
children whom a large number of peers have chosen as classmates they “like best”
popular children
children who are actively disliked; a large number of peers have chosen them as classmates they “like least”
rejected children
