Chapter 8 Flashcards
Personality is about ____ and ____
individual differences; common mechanisms
Wiggins proposed that there were ___ basic ____, identifiable in terms of the different ____ writing about personality, the ____ they see as central, the ways in which they ____, and the ____ they accept for resolving theoretical issues in the light of data.
5; paradigms in personality assessment; communities of scholars and practitioners; issues; collect data; criteria
What were the names of Wiggins’ paradigms?
- psychoanalytic
- interpersonal
- personological
- multivariate (trait)
- empirical
Which 2 paradigms does the textbook list as being added to Wiggins’ paradigms?
Social-cognitive and positive psychology
What was the starting point of understanding according to Freud?
That our behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are the result largely of processes of which we are unaware
Which major questions can a psychoanalytical perspective inform?
- what to look for
- how to interpret it
- how these observations can provide an account of the person being assessed
What were Westen’s 3 main questions to be answered in personality assessment?
- what psychological resources does the individual have at his or her disposal?
- what does the person wish for, fear, value, and how do these motives combine and conflict to produce conscious experience and behaviour?
- how does the person experience the self and others, and to what extent can the individual enter into intimate relationships?
Which tests often form the main battery for psychoanalytical assessment?
WAIS-IV
Rorschach
TAT
Define the projective hypothesis
Postulates that in responding to the inkblots, the individual draws on their unconscious to give meaning to the ambiguous stimuli, and thereby revealing something of their unconscious mental life
What are the 3 major criticisms of the Rorschach?
- lack of predictive validity
- lack of incremental validity
- difficulty in capturing in a reliable way the yield of a Rorschach examination
Who argued that personality exists only during personal interactions?
Harry Stack Sullivan
Sullivan came to see his patient’s illnesses as what?
Exaggerations of patterns of responding to be found in ‘normal’ behaviour
What is a dynamism?
A pattern or habit of relating
The circumplex was proposed by whom?
Guttman
Leary was the first to show that ____ of behaviour in ____ situations, were a good fit to a ____model
observations; interpersonal; circumplex
Henry Murray coined which term?
Personology
What did Murray’s theory stress?
The motivational basis of behaviour but broadened motivation to include social or ‘psychogenic concerns’, and viscerogenic or biologically based concerns
How many ‘needs’ did Murray identify?
27
Murray described 2 types of ‘press’, what are they and which was more crucial?
Alpha - how the individual perceives the environment
Beta - how the environment appears to observers
Alpha was seen as more crucial
How did Murray access unconscious needs?
Projective techniques - TAT
Which two major contributions did Murray make to personality assessment?
- TAT
- diagnostic council
Murray looked at ___ and ___ as indicators of personality
- proceedings
- themes
Which is the oldest approach to personality?
Trait (type) approach
What were the 4 temperament styles proposed by Galen?
- melancholic
- phlegmatic
- chloreic
- sanguine
Who was the first to formalise a trait theory of personality?
Allport
HJ Eysenck with regard to factor analysis, did what?
He set out with a specific hypothesis of personality to test, instead of allowing a random pattern to emerge
What did Eysenck identify using factor analysis?
3 major dimensions of personality (neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism)
Who was the first to demonstrate the value of the 5-factor solution to personality theory?
Tupes and Crystal
How is assessment of personality using the trait approach is most commonly achieved?
Using the personality questionnaire in which the person being assessed is asked to report on their own behaviour using a series of short statements
The empirical approach shares similarities with which other approach? How
Trait approach; Personality questionnaires figure heavily in both
What is the essential difference between the trait approach and the empirical approach?
The trait approach is concerned with the dimensions that make for human individuality
The empirical approach is concerned with personality description in the service of predicting socially relevant criteria
The empirical approach asks what?
What the relationship is between measures of individual differences and measures of socially relevant criteria, irrespective of what might be the basis or cause of such a relationship
The development of the MMPI followed which approach?
Empirical
How many diagnostic scales were there in the MMPI?
9, plus masculine-feminine and social extroversion
Criterion keying is applicable to which approach?
Empirical approach
What were some of the major problems identified with the MMPI?
- overlap of scales
- correlations among scales
- many items were detecting a general feature of being a hospitalised patient rather than any specific disorder
- unrepresentative nature of the sample
What is the most common revision of the MMPI?
MMPI-2-RF
Which other noteworthy test, used the empirical approach?
CPI
Walter Mischel is most associated with which approach?
Social-cognitive
Mischel coined the term ____ to do what?
person variables; to characterise the consistencies in behaviour and thought that make for differences among individuals
According to trait theorists, what don’t competencies have that mental abilities do?
The same degree of fixity
What are Mischel and Shoda’s 5 person variables?
- competencies
- encodings
- expectancies and beliefs
- affects, goals, and values
- self-regulatory plans
What is considered a matter of empirical inquiry with regard to person variables?
When they generalise across situations
Who moved humanistic psychology “into the frame?
Martin Seligman
Who’s theory was the first ‘grand theory’?
Freud’s - purporting to explain all manifestations of behaviour and personality
