Chapter 7

Question 1

Define intelligence according to the textbook

Answer 1

Cognitive abilities such as problem solving and learning. Some definitions include other aspects of the individual, such as personality and creativity

Question 2

Implicit theories of intelligence are also known as what?

Answer 2

Lay theories (or everyday theories)

Question 3

Implicit theories are constructed by ____ and affected by ____

Answer 3

Individuals; culture, age, and experience

Question 4

When did the term intelligence come into use?

Answer 4

1905, by Binet and Simon

Question 5

In 1869, Galton made reference to what 2 factors relating to intelligence?

Answer 5

• general human ability

- special human abilities

Question 6

What change in assessment occurred toward the end of the nineteenth century?

Answer 6

Psychologists moved away from testing simple sensory responses, and began testing more complex behaviours

Question 7

What was the aim of the Binet-Simon intelligence test?

Answer 7

To measure global intelligence (reasoning ability, judgement, memory, abstract thinking)

Question 8

Spearman believed that his g represented what?

Answer 8

A form of mental energy

Question 9

Spearman concluded that about ___ of the variance in specific-ability tests could be represented by ____, with the other half being accounted for by ____ related to the ____ and ____

Answer 9

half; g; specific abilities; particular test (s); error (e)

Question 10

What are the 3 improvements that Terman made to the view of intelligence above Spearman?

Answer 10

• extended list of items
• larger standardisation sample
• detailed administration and scoring instructions

Question 11

How is IQ calculated?

Answer 11

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

Question 12

As ___ were not appropriate for use with adults, Wechsler replaced them with ____

Answer 12

age norms; point scales

Question 13

What major criticism of the Binet tests of intelligence did Wechsler address, and how?

Answer 13

Over-reliance on verbal and language skills; by adding in scales that tapped non-verbal abilities

Question 14

How many primary mental abilities did Thurstone believe there were?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

Name Thurstone’s primary mental abilities

Answer 15

• verbal comprehension
• reasoning
• perceptual speed
• numerical ability
• word fluency
• associative memory
• spatial visualisation

Question 16

Who rejected the notion of ‘g’, and replaced it with a dimension of intelligence with 3 factors? What were they?

Answer 16

JP Guilford; operations (type of mental processing required to complete a task - 5); content (type of stimuli to be manipulated - 5); product (type of information that is manipulated and stored - 6)

Question 17

Who proposed the 3D matrix of intelligence?

Answer 17

JP Guilford - it contained 150 individual factors of intelligence

Question 18

What was a noteworthy result of JP Guilford’s model of intelligence?

Answer 18

People began to consider the role of creativity and innovation in any model of intelligence

Question 19

Who proposed the hierarchical model of intelligence?

Answer 19

Philip Vernon

Question 20

Cattell argued that intelligence consisted of which 2 factors?

Answer 20

Fluid intelligence (Gf) 
Crystallised intelligence (Gc)

Question 21

Define fluid intelligence

Answer 21

It is the non-verbal, relatively culture-free, basic mental capacity of the individual, which underpins abstract problem solving and reasoning, independent of acquired knowledge

Question 22

Define crystallised intelligence

Answer 22

Is more dependent on learning. It is the culture-specific fund of knowledge, skills, and information that is accumulated through life’s experiences and education

Question 23

Cattell’s theory is what type of theory?

Answer 23

Hierarchical

Question 24

Cattell’s theory stimulates a search for what?

Answer 24

Culture-free tests

Question 25

Which culture-fair tests are most widely used today?

Answer 25

Raven's progressive matrices

Question 26

What are the Cattell-Horn broad factors?

Answer 26

``` Gf (fluid intelligence) Gq (quantitative knowledge) Gc (crystallised intelligence) Grw (reading and writing ability) Gsm (short term memory) Gv (visual processing) Ga (auditory processing) Glr (long-term retrieval) Gs (processing speed) CDS (correct decision speed) ```

Question 27

Carroll proposed that intelligence should be viewed as comprising what?

Answer 27

3 levels or strata, which could be differentiated in terms of the breadth of specificity of the ability being assessed

Question 28

Which stratum does g sit in Carroll's hierarchy?

Answer 28

The top (stratum III)

Question 29

What does stratum II consist of?

Answer 29

Consists of broad intellectual abilities, including Gf-Gc, and other reminiscent of Thurstone's primary mental abilities (Gf, Gc, Gy, Gv, Gu, Gr, G's, Gt)

Question 30

What is a part of Stratum I?

Answer 30

A large number of narrow abilities

Question 31

The individual subtests of the _____ and _____ were devised to assess _____ abilities, and can be considered to be representative of stratum ____ abilities

Answer 31

Stanford-Binet test; Wechsler scales; narrow; stratum I

Question 32

What change did McGrew's CHC model make to the 3-stratum model?

Answer 32

- retained g at the top (III) - expanded stratum II to include 16 broad factors (compared to 8 in Carroll's 3-stratum) - Gkn, Gps, Go, Gh, Gk, Gp - arranged his broad Stratum II factors into clusters of associated abilities (domain-independent General capacities, acquired knowledge systems, sensory/motor-linked abilities)

Question 33

Typically, pre-2000 tests did not adequately assess which stratum II abilities?

Answer 33

Gf, Gsm, Glr, Ga, Gs

Question 34

Which theory underlies the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, and WISC-IV?

Answer 34

CHC theory

Question 35

The early models of intelligence and the more recent models were based largely on what procedure?

Answer 35

Factor analysis

Question 36

What does PASS stand for?

Answer 36

Planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous, successive

Question 37

Who defined intelligence as 'a biopsychosocial potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture'?

Answer 37

Gardner

Question 38

What are the 3 main criticisms of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 38

- not able to account for the inter correlations among the different intelligences - some of the intelligences might more reasonably be considered talents - some of the intelligences can be considered more personality-based than reflecting intelligence

Question 39

Who proposed the tri archaic theory of intelligence?

Answer 39

Robert Sternberg

Question 40

How did Sternberg define intelligence?

Answer 40

It provides a means to govern ourselves so that our thoughts and actions are organised, coherent, and responsive to both our internally driven needs, and to the needs of the environment

Question 41

What are Sternberg's 3 main cognitive processes?

Answer 41

- componential (reflect intellectual abilities traditionally considered to be related to intelligence) - experiential (reflect abilities associated with dealing with novel and unusual situations) - contextual (refer to abilities associated with adapting to one's environment, shaping one's environment, and selecting one's environment)

Question 42

What is the main contribution made by Sternberg's theory of intelligence?

Answer 42

Showed that there are other forms of intellectual worth apart from academic intelligence

Question 43

What are the 3 approaches to intelligence testing?

Answer 43

- psychometric - information processing - cognitive-developmental

Question 44

What 4 factors were common among psychologists when defining intelligence?

Answer 44

- higher cognitive functions - executive functions - basic cognitive functions - activities reflecting success in one's culture

Question 45

Intelligence tests today are more likely to do what, compared to in the past?

Answer 45

More likely to focus on specific cognitive abilities found at stratum II, rather than on assessing global abilities

Question 46

Achievement tests assess ____ more than _____ abilities

Answer 46

Crystallised; fluid

Question 47

According to Cattell, the capacity to acquire knowledge is largely dependent on what?

Answer 47

One's fluid ability

Question 48

Most group-based tests have what kind of a focus?

Answer 48

Aptitude

Question 49

Men score _____ women on global measures of intelligence

Answer 49

Similarly to

Question 50

What was Binet's important insight that led to a 'paradigm shift' in the way human abilities were measured?

Answer 50

Y

Question 51

Early factor analysts can be loosely categorised into two camps based on their view of intelligence - what criteria would define these groups?

Answer 51

Psychometric vs non-psychometric ?