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Psych Assessment > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define intelligence according to the textbook

A

Cognitive abilities such as problem solving and learning. Some definitions include other aspects of the individual, such as personality and creativity

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2
Q

Implicit theories of intelligence are also known as what?

A

Lay theories (or everyday theories)

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3
Q

Implicit theories are constructed by ____ and affected by ____

A

Individuals; culture, age, and experience

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4
Q

When did the term intelligence come into use?

A

1905, by Binet and Simon

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5
Q

In 1869, Galton made reference to what 2 factors relating to intelligence?

A
  • general human ability

- special human abilities

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6
Q

What change in assessment occurred toward the end of the nineteenth century?

A

Psychologists moved away from testing simple sensory responses, and began testing more complex behaviours

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7
Q

What was the aim of the Binet-Simon intelligence test?

A

To measure global intelligence (reasoning ability, judgement, memory, abstract thinking)

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8
Q

Spearman believed that his g represented what?

A

A form of mental energy

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9
Q

Spearman concluded that about ___ of the variance in specific-ability tests could be represented by ____, with the other half being accounted for by ____ related to the ____ and ____

A

half; g; specific abilities; particular test (s); error (e)

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10
Q

What are the 3 improvements that Terman made to the view of intelligence above Spearman?

A
  • extended list of items
  • larger standardisation sample
  • detailed administration and scoring instructions
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11
Q

How is IQ calculated?

A

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

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12
Q

As ___ were not appropriate for use with adults, Wechsler replaced them with ____

A

age norms; point scales

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13
Q

What major criticism of the Binet tests of intelligence did Wechsler address, and how?

A

Over-reliance on verbal and language skills; by adding in scales that tapped non-verbal abilities

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14
Q

How many primary mental abilities did Thurstone believe there were?

A

7

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15
Q

Name Thurstone’s primary mental abilities

A
  • verbal comprehension
  • reasoning
  • perceptual speed
  • numerical ability
  • word fluency
  • associative memory
  • spatial visualisation
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16
Q

Who rejected the notion of ‘g’, and replaced it with a dimension of intelligence with 3 factors? What were they?

A

JP Guilford; operations (type of mental processing required to complete a task - 5); content (type of stimuli to be manipulated - 5); product (type of information that is manipulated and stored - 6)

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17
Q

Who proposed the 3D matrix of intelligence?

A

JP Guilford - it contained 150 individual factors of intelligence

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18
Q

What was a noteworthy result of JP Guilford’s model of intelligence?

A

People began to consider the role of creativity and innovation in any model of intelligence

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19
Q

Who proposed the hierarchical model of intelligence?

A

Philip Vernon

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20
Q

Cattell argued that intelligence consisted of which 2 factors?

A 
Fluid intelligence (Gf) 
Crystallised intelligence (Gc)
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21
Q

Define fluid intelligence

A

It is the non-verbal, relatively culture-free, basic mental capacity of the individual, which underpins abstract problem solving and reasoning, independent of acquired knowledge

22
Q

Define crystallised intelligence

A

Is more dependent on learning. It is the culture-specific fund of knowledge, skills, and information that is accumulated through life’s experiences and education

23
Q

Cattell’s theory is what type of theory?

A

Hierarchical

24
Q

Cattell’s theory stimulates a search for what?

A

Culture-free tests

25
Q

Which culture-fair tests are most widely used today?

A

Raven’s progressive matrices

26
Q

What are the Cattell-Horn broad factors?

A 
Gf (fluid intelligence)
Gq (quantitative knowledge)
Gc (crystallised intelligence)
Grw (reading and writing ability)
Gsm (short term memory)
Gv (visual processing)
Ga (auditory processing)
Glr (long-term retrieval)
Gs (processing speed)
CDS (correct decision speed)
27
Q

Carroll proposed that intelligence should be viewed as comprising what?

A

3 levels or strata, which could be differentiated in terms of the breadth of specificity of the ability being assessed

28
Q

Which stratum does g sit in Carroll’s hierarchy?

A

The top (stratum III)

29
Q

What does stratum II consist of?

A

Consists of broad intellectual abilities, including Gf-Gc, and other reminiscent of Thurstone’s primary mental abilities (Gf, Gc, Gy, Gv, Gu, Gr, G’s, Gt)

30
Q

What is a part of Stratum I?

A

A large number of narrow abilities

31
Q

The individual subtests of the _____ and _____ were devised to assess _____ abilities, and can be considered to be representative of stratum ____ abilities

A

Stanford-Binet test; Wechsler scales; narrow; stratum I

32
Q

What change did McGrew’s CHC model make to the 3-stratum model?

A
  • retained g at the top (III)
  • expanded stratum II to include 16 broad factors (compared to 8 in Carroll’s 3-stratum) - Gkn, Gps, Go, Gh, Gk, Gp
  • arranged his broad Stratum II factors into clusters of associated abilities (domain-independent General capacities, acquired knowledge systems, sensory/motor-linked abilities)
33
Q

Typically, pre-2000 tests did not adequately assess which stratum II abilities?

A

Gf, Gsm, Glr, Ga, Gs

34
Q

Which theory underlies the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, and WISC-IV?

A

CHC theory

35
Q

The early models of intelligence and the more recent models were based largely on what procedure?

A

Factor analysis

36
Q

What does PASS stand for?

A

Planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous, successive

37
Q

Who defined intelligence as ‘a biopsychosocial potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture’?

A

Gardner

38
Q

What are the 3 main criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  • not able to account for the inter correlations among the different intelligences
  • some of the intelligences might more reasonably be considered talents
  • some of the intelligences can be considered more personality-based than reflecting intelligence
39
Q

Who proposed the tri archaic theory of intelligence?

A

Robert Sternberg

40
Q

How did Sternberg define intelligence?

A

It provides a means to govern ourselves so that our thoughts and actions are organised, coherent, and responsive to both our internally driven needs, and to the needs of the environment

41
Q

What are Sternberg’s 3 main cognitive processes?

A
  • componential (reflect intellectual abilities traditionally considered to be related to intelligence)
  • experiential (reflect abilities associated with dealing with novel and unusual situations)
  • contextual (refer to abilities associated with adapting to one’s environment, shaping one’s environment, and selecting one’s environment)
42
Q

What is the main contribution made by Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?

A

Showed that there are other forms of intellectual worth apart from academic intelligence

43
Q

What are the 3 approaches to intelligence testing?

A
  • psychometric
  • information processing
  • cognitive-developmental
44
Q

What 4 factors were common among psychologists when defining intelligence?

A
  • higher cognitive functions
  • executive functions
  • basic cognitive functions
  • activities reflecting success in one’s culture
45
Q

Intelligence tests today are more likely to do what, compared to in the past?

A

More likely to focus on specific cognitive abilities found at stratum II, rather than on assessing global abilities

46
Q

Achievement tests assess ____ more than _____ abilities

A

Crystallised; fluid

47
Q

According to Cattell, the capacity to acquire knowledge is largely dependent on what?

A

One’s fluid ability

48
Q

Most group-based tests have what kind of a focus?

A

Aptitude

49
Q

Men score _____ women on global measures of intelligence

A

Similarly to

50
Q

What was Binet’s important insight that led to a ‘paradigm shift’ in the way human abilities were measured?

A

Y

51
Q

Early factor analysts can be loosely categorised into two camps based on their view of intelligence - what criteria would define these groups?

A

Psychometric vs non-psychometric ?

Psych Assessment (14 decks)

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