Chapter 7 Flashcards
Define intelligence according to the textbook
Cognitive abilities such as problem solving and learning. Some definitions include other aspects of the individual, such as personality and creativity
Implicit theories of intelligence are also known as what?
Lay theories (or everyday theories)
Implicit theories are constructed by ____ and affected by ____
Individuals; culture, age, and experience
When did the term intelligence come into use?
1905, by Binet and Simon
In 1869, Galton made reference to what 2 factors relating to intelligence?
- general human ability
- special human abilities
What change in assessment occurred toward the end of the nineteenth century?
Psychologists moved away from testing simple sensory responses, and began testing more complex behaviours
What was the aim of the Binet-Simon intelligence test?
To measure global intelligence (reasoning ability, judgement, memory, abstract thinking)
Spearman believed that his g represented what?
A form of mental energy
Spearman concluded that about ___ of the variance in specific-ability tests could be represented by ____, with the other half being accounted for by ____ related to the ____ and ____
half; g; specific abilities; particular test (s); error (e)
What are the 3 improvements that Terman made to the view of intelligence above Spearman?
- extended list of items
- larger standardisation sample
- detailed administration and scoring instructions
How is IQ calculated?
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
As ___ were not appropriate for use with adults, Wechsler replaced them with ____
age norms; point scales
What major criticism of the Binet tests of intelligence did Wechsler address, and how?
Over-reliance on verbal and language skills; by adding in scales that tapped non-verbal abilities
How many primary mental abilities did Thurstone believe there were?
7
Name Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
- verbal comprehension
- reasoning
- perceptual speed
- numerical ability
- word fluency
- associative memory
- spatial visualisation
Who rejected the notion of ‘g’, and replaced it with a dimension of intelligence with 3 factors? What were they?
JP Guilford; operations (type of mental processing required to complete a task - 5); content (type of stimuli to be manipulated - 5); product (type of information that is manipulated and stored - 6)
Who proposed the 3D matrix of intelligence?
JP Guilford - it contained 150 individual factors of intelligence
What was a noteworthy result of JP Guilford’s model of intelligence?
People began to consider the role of creativity and innovation in any model of intelligence
Who proposed the hierarchical model of intelligence?
Philip Vernon
Cattell argued that intelligence consisted of which 2 factors?
Fluid intelligence (Gf) Crystallised intelligence (Gc)
Define fluid intelligence
It is the non-verbal, relatively culture-free, basic mental capacity of the individual, which underpins abstract problem solving and reasoning, independent of acquired knowledge
Define crystallised intelligence
Is more dependent on learning. It is the culture-specific fund of knowledge, skills, and information that is accumulated through life’s experiences and education
Cattell’s theory is what type of theory?
Hierarchical
Cattell’s theory stimulates a search for what?
Culture-free tests
Which culture-fair tests are most widely used today?
Raven’s progressive matrices
What are the Cattell-Horn broad factors?
Gf (fluid intelligence) Gq (quantitative knowledge) Gc (crystallised intelligence) Grw (reading and writing ability) Gsm (short term memory) Gv (visual processing) Ga (auditory processing) Glr (long-term retrieval) Gs (processing speed) CDS (correct decision speed)
Carroll proposed that intelligence should be viewed as comprising what?
3 levels or strata, which could be differentiated in terms of the breadth of specificity of the ability being assessed
Which stratum does g sit in Carroll’s hierarchy?
The top (stratum III)
What does stratum II consist of?
Consists of broad intellectual abilities, including Gf-Gc, and other reminiscent of Thurstone’s primary mental abilities (Gf, Gc, Gy, Gv, Gu, Gr, G’s, Gt)
What is a part of Stratum I?
A large number of narrow abilities
The individual subtests of the _____ and _____ were devised to assess _____ abilities, and can be considered to be representative of stratum ____ abilities
Stanford-Binet test; Wechsler scales; narrow; stratum I
What change did McGrew’s CHC model make to the 3-stratum model?
- retained g at the top (III)
- expanded stratum II to include 16 broad factors (compared to 8 in Carroll’s 3-stratum) - Gkn, Gps, Go, Gh, Gk, Gp
- arranged his broad Stratum II factors into clusters of associated abilities (domain-independent General capacities, acquired knowledge systems, sensory/motor-linked abilities)
Typically, pre-2000 tests did not adequately assess which stratum II abilities?
Gf, Gsm, Glr, Ga, Gs
Which theory underlies the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, and WISC-IV?
CHC theory
The early models of intelligence and the more recent models were based largely on what procedure?
Factor analysis
What does PASS stand for?
Planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous, successive
Who defined intelligence as ‘a biopsychosocial potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture’?
Gardner
What are the 3 main criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
- not able to account for the inter correlations among the different intelligences
- some of the intelligences might more reasonably be considered talents
- some of the intelligences can be considered more personality-based than reflecting intelligence
Who proposed the tri archaic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
How did Sternberg define intelligence?
It provides a means to govern ourselves so that our thoughts and actions are organised, coherent, and responsive to both our internally driven needs, and to the needs of the environment
What are Sternberg’s 3 main cognitive processes?
- componential (reflect intellectual abilities traditionally considered to be related to intelligence)
- experiential (reflect abilities associated with dealing with novel and unusual situations)
- contextual (refer to abilities associated with adapting to one’s environment, shaping one’s environment, and selecting one’s environment)
What is the main contribution made by Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?
Showed that there are other forms of intellectual worth apart from academic intelligence
What are the 3 approaches to intelligence testing?
- psychometric
- information processing
- cognitive-developmental
What 4 factors were common among psychologists when defining intelligence?
- higher cognitive functions
- executive functions
- basic cognitive functions
- activities reflecting success in one’s culture
Intelligence tests today are more likely to do what, compared to in the past?
More likely to focus on specific cognitive abilities found at stratum II, rather than on assessing global abilities
Achievement tests assess ____ more than _____ abilities
Crystallised; fluid
According to Cattell, the capacity to acquire knowledge is largely dependent on what?
One’s fluid ability
Most group-based tests have what kind of a focus?
Aptitude
Men score _____ women on global measures of intelligence
Similarly to
What was Binet’s important insight that led to a ‘paradigm shift’ in the way human abilities were measured?
Y
Early factor analysts can be loosely categorised into two camps based on their view of intelligence - what criteria would define these groups?
Psychometric vs non-psychometric ?
