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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Can transposons cause mutations?

A
  • they can be used to generate mutations by being inserted into cell’s genome
  • inactivated the gene in which it inserts
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1
Q

What are Transposons?

A
  • “jumping genes”
  • can move from one location to another within DNA of same cell
  • considered Horizontal gene transfer
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2
Q

What is a horizontal gene transfer?

A

The transfer of a gene from one organism to another

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3
Q

Examples of horizontal gene transfer:

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
  4. Transposons
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4
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

Transfer of genes from parent to offspring

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5
Q

What is an Auxotroph?

A

Mutant that requires growth factor

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6
Q

What is a Prototroph?

A

Mutant that doesn’t require growth factor.

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7
Q

What is a Wild Type?

A

Orriginal, non-mutated

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9
Q

If a gene can only grow if tryptophan is present, than the mutant would be a(n) ________ and would be designated by _____.

A

Autotroph, Trp-

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10
Q

How do you designate a gene that is sensitive?

A

s

Str

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11
Q

What is reversion?

A

When a mutant changes back to its original state

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12
Q

What are spontaneous mutations?

A

Mutations that occur naturally within a cell

Large populations usually contain mutants

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13
Q

What effect does the environment have on spontaneous mutations?

A
  • the environment selects for cells that are able to grow well in its conditions
  • if the mutated cell survives better it will outlive the other wild type cells.
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14
Q

What is a knockout mutation?

A

Mutation that inactivated gene

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15
Q

Why do base substitutions survive better in aerobic conditions?

A

They can oxidize nucleobase guanine

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16
Q

Deletion & Addition of nucleotides commonly causes ______.

A

Frame shift mutation

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17
Q

What is a mutagen?

What are the 2 types?

A

Agent that induces change.

  1. Chemical
  2. Radiation
18
Q

What 2 types of chemical agents cause base substitutions?

A
  1. Nitrous Acid- converts cytosine to uracil

2. Alkylating agent- adds alky to nucleobases

19
Q

What chemical agent causes frame shift mutation?

A

Enthidium bromide- inserts between base pairs

20
Q

What are 2 types of Radiation mutagens?

A
  1. Ultraviolet irradiation

2. X-Rays

21
Q

Why is ultraviolet irradiation considered a mutagen?

A
  • Forms covalent bonds between thymines
  • distorts the molecule
  • mutation results from SOS repair mechanism
22
Q

Why are X-Rays considered mutagens?

A

-causes double strand to break & produce lethal deletions

23
Q

If a gene can only grow if Tryptophan is present, than the wild type would be a(n) ________, and be designated by _____.

A

Prototroph, Trp+

Because it can synthesize tryptophan on its own

24
Q

What is proofreading?

A
  • DNA Polymerase repairs errors in DNA to prevent mutations

- VERY efficient but not flawless

25
Q

What is mismatch repair?

A
  • system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases.
  • cuts phosphate-sugar backbone
26
Q

What is direct selection?

A

Cells inoculated into media that supports growth of mutant but not parent

27
Q

What is indirect selection?

A

Isolated auxotrophs from prototroph parent

28
Q

DNA can only replicate if ….

A

It has an origin of replication (replicon)

29
Q

What is homologous recombination?

A

How DNA is transferred/ moved into a cell

30
Q

Foreign DNA enters the cell via

A

Homologous recombination

31
Q

True or False: the sight where DNA fragments are added to a chromosome but have a similar sequence to that of the DNA being added?

A

True

32
Q

Which of the following require cell to cell contact?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation

A

C. Conjugation (plasmid & chromosome transfer)

33
Q

How does a cell become competent?

A

If nutrients such a phosphorus & iron are scare because it has to learn to provide for itself.

34
Q

What are the advantages to a competent cell?

A
  • the can survive better

- can become mutated genes

35
Q

What is a transducing particle?

A
  • A defective phage that carries part viral DNA & part bacterial DNA.
  • brings bacterial DNA to new cells
36
Q

What for of horizontal gene transfer uses “naked” DNA?

A

Transformation

37
Q

F+

A

Contains F-Plasmid

38
Q

True or False: At the end of Hfr cell formation both cells are considered Hfr.

A

False. One is Hfr while the other remains F -

39
Q

What is the composition of a plasmid?

A
  • Circular double-stranded DNA replicon

- smaller than a chromosome

40
Q

Plasmids are typically found within ….

A

Bacteria & archaea

Sometimes Eukarya

41
Q

What are Resistance Plasmids?

A

-plasmids that are resistant to at least one thing

Microbiology (10 decks)

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