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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Electron microscope can magnify _______x

How does it work?

A

100,000

Uses a beam of electrons

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1
Q

Light microscope can magnify _____x

A

1,000

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2
Q

When viewed using a microscope, the object is magnified by a factor equal to the product of the magnifying powers of the ______ & the ______.

A

Objective lens & Ocular lens

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3
Q

The total magnification is the product of…?

A

The product of the magnifying power of the ocular lens and the objective lens.

Ex.
10x X 10x = 100x magnification
40x X 10x = 400x magnification

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4
Q

Define Resolution (Resolving Power)

A

The ability to distinguish two different things

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5
Q

Refractive index

A

Measures speed of light passing trough a medium

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6
Q

Contrast

A

Determines how easily cells can be seen

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7
Q

Why do we use immersion oil?

A

To displace air between lens and specimens which keeps the light focused on the specimens

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8
Q

What is involved in making a smear?

A
  • air drying a liquid that has been placed in a glass slide

- spreading a thin film of specimens on a class slide

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9
Q

What type of dye has a positive charge?

A

Basic dyes- they are attracted to negatively charged cellular components

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10
Q

What type of dye has a negative charge?

A

Acidic dyes- cells repel so the background is colored.

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of stains?

A
  1. Simple Stain
  2. Differential Stain
  3. Special Stain
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a Simple Stain?

A

-one dye is used to stain the cells

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a Differential Stain?

What are the 2 main types?

A

-2 separate dyes are used to distinguish one group of microorganisms from another.

  1. Gram Stain
  2. Acid-Fast Stain
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a Special Stain?

What are the 3 main types?

A

-used to stain specific structures inside or outside of cells

  1. Capsule Stain
  2. Endoscope Stain
  3. Flagella Stain
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15
Q

Characteristics of a Gram Stain:

What are the 2 types?

A

-used to separate bacteria by the thickness of their cell wall

  1. Gram Positive Stain
  2. Gram Negative Stain
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16
Q

What are the 4 steps in creating a Gram Stain?

A
  1. Crystal Violet Stain
    • all cells are purple in color
  2. Iodine (mordant)
    • all cells remain purple
  3. Alcohol (decolorizer)
    • gram+ purple / gram- colorless
  4. Safranin (counterstain)
    • gram+ purple / gram- pink
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17
Q

7 Characteristics of Gram Positive Cells:

A
  • thick cell wall
  • Teichoic Acid present
  • slightly negative charge
  • no outer membrane
  • no LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
  • affected by antibiotics
  • not affected by lysozyme
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18
Q

7 Characteristics of Gram Negative Cell:

A
  • thin cell wall
  • no Teichoic Acid
  • outer membrane present
  • slightly positive charge
  • LPS (lipopolysaccharide) present
  • not affected by antibiotics
  • affected by Lysozyme
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19
Q

Characteristics of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in Gram Negative Cell?

Where is it located within the cell?

A
  • also called endotoxin
  • signals immune system of invasion
  • contains O antigen & Lipid A

-within the outer membrane

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20
Q

Why do antibiotics affect Gram Positive Cells more than Gram Negative Cells?

A

The outer membrane of Gram Neg Cells block passage of antibiotics.

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21
Q

Why do Lysozyme affect Gram Negative Cells more than Gram Positive Cells?

A

Lysozyme interferes with the cell wall synthesis, and because the Gram Neg has a thin cell wall it is easily penetrated.

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22
Q

What are the Characteristics of an Acid-Fast Stain?

A
  • used to detect Myobacterium
  • does not take stain well because of waxy fatty acid cell wall
  • contains mycolic acid
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of a Capsule Stain?

A
  • negative stain

- capsules do not take to certain stains so they stand out against stained background

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of an Endospore Stain?

A
  • stains endospores
  • heat is used to facilitate uptake of primary dye
  • counter stain used to visualize other cells
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25
Q

Characteristics of a Flagella Stain:

A

-stain coats the flagella to make it thicker and easier to see

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26
Q

What is the difference between Bacillus & bacillus????

A

Bacillus- group

bacillus- rod-shaped

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27
Q

Can you tell if a cell is Gram Pos or Gram Neg by doing a special stain??

A

No.

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28
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical shape

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29
Q

Rod

A

Cylindrical shape

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30
Q

Coccobacilla

A

Oval shaped

31
Q

Diplococci

A

2 spherical cells combined

32
Q

Streptococci

A

Chain of spherical cells

33
Q

Vibro

A

U shaped

34
Q

Spirillium

A

Wavy shaped

35
Q

Spirochete

A

Spiral shaped

36
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Cluster of circular cells

38
Q

How do most prokaryotes devide?

A

Binary fission

39
Q

Internal structures of a Prokaryotic Cell?

A
  • ribosomes
  • endospores
  • plasmids
  • storage granules
  • chromosomes
40
Q

External structures of Prokaryotic Cells?

A
  • flagella
  • pili
  • capsule
  • slime layer
  • cell wall
  • gram positive
  • gram negative
41
Q

Steps of Binary Fission?

A
  1. Copy DNA into one circular chromosome
  2. Becomes enlarged
  3. New cell wall begins to form
  4. Asexual (no new production)
43
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

Synthesize proteins

44
Q

Plasmids function/characteristics:

A
  • carries non-essential genes

- extra chromosomal DNA molecule

45
Q

Pili function:

A

-allow cells to adhere to surfaces and potentially cause diseases

46
Q

Capsule function/characteristics:

A
  • allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and potentially cause diseases
  • protects cell
  • distinct edges
  • gelatinous (fairly solid)
47
Q

What are capsules and slime layers typically made of?

Give an example:

A

Glycocalyx- an extra cellular polysaccharide coating

Ex. Dental plaque

48
Q

Chromosome function:

A

Carries genetic information of a cell

49
Q

Where is the periplasmic space located?

What does it consist of?

A

Between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.

Filled with gel-like periplasm rich in proteins

51
Q

What structures of a cell have Virulence? And what does it mean?

A

Pili & capsule

It is a trait that leads to pathogenicity

52
Q

Cell Wall functions:

A
  • prevents cell lysis
  • prevents destruction w/ changes in osmotic pressure
  • prevents cell from bursting
53
Q

What makes up a cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

54
Q

Why is peptidoglycan sensitive to penicillin?

A

Penicillin interfered with peptidoglycan synthesis

55
Q

What is peptidoglycan made up of?

A

amino acids, polysaccharides, and polypeptides.

57
Q

What is lysis?

A

When lysozyme breaks the bonds that link subunits of peptidoglycan apart.

58
Q

What are the 3 representative genera of a Gram Positive Cell?

A
  1. Bacillus
  2. Staphylococcus
  3. Streptococcus
59
Q

What are the 3 representative genera of a Gram Negative Cell?

A
  1. Escherichia
  2. Neisseria
  3. Pseudomonas
60
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane functions:

A
  • serves as a semipermeable membrane

- barrier between interior and exterior of cell

61
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

62
Q

What can pass FREELY through the cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  • hydrophobic molecules
  • non polar molecules
  • water
63
Q

What are 4 other ways molecules can pass through the cytoplasmic membrane (lipid bilayer)??

A
  1. Aquaporins (water channels)
  2. Electron Transport System
  3. Simple Diffusion
  4. Osmosis
64
Q

Electron Transport Chain funtions:

A
  • allows nutrients to enter and leave the cell
  • converts energy into ATP
  • creates electrochemical gradient across the membrane
65
Q

What is Active Transport?

Give 2 examples

A
  • cell is using energy to transport molecules in/out
  • movement against the gradient

Ex. The use of ATP & proton motive force

66
Q

What is Passive transport?

Give an example:

A
  • cell is not using energy to pass in/out
  • going with the grain

Ex. Facilitated diffusion

67
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement from high to low concentration

68
Q

Osmosis

Name 3 types

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to unequal solute concentrations

  1. Hypertonic
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Isotonic
69
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • higher concentration of dilutes outside the cell
  • net movement of water OUT of the cell
  • shrivels up
70
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • higher concentration of solutes inside the cell
  • net movement of water INTO the cell
  • cell expands
71
Q

Where is a Lysozyme found?

A

Tears, saliva, & other bodily fluids

72
Q

What part of the cell is stained with crystal violet?

A

Inside of cell

The gram+ cell wall prevents crystal violet-iodine complex from being washed out

73
Q

What type of bacteria lack a cell wall?

Where does it get its strength from?

A

Mycoplasma species

Shape varies and uses sterol to increase strength

74
Q

What is another example of a cell appendage other than flagella?

A

Chemotaxis- bacteria sense chemicals and move accordingly in a series of runs and tumbles

75
Q

What cell is larger, Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic cells

76
Q

Isotonic

A
  • equal concentration of solutes in/out of cell

- net movement of water is stationary

77
Q

What happens to a cell when it is exposed to a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell may lyse (destruction of cell)

92
Q

Flagella function/characteristics:

A

-involved in motility of prokaryotic cells

Ex. Peritrichous- covered entirely in flagella

93
Q

Endospore characteristics:

A
  • member of Bacillus & Clostridium groups
  • dormant cell
  • resistant to heat, chemicals, boo lining water, disinfectant, ultraviolet light ect

Microbiology (10 decks)

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