Chapter 6 Flashcards
Catabolism
- Process that degrades compounds to release energy
- break down molecules to form ATP
Metabolism invokes what 2 fundamental tasks?
- Synthesize new parts (cell wall, membranes, ect)
2. Harvest energy to power reactions
Anabolism
- assemble subunits of macromolecules
- used ATP to drive the actions
Ex. Taking amino acids to make proteins
Photosynthetic organisms
-use energy from sunlight to synthesize compounds using CO2
Metabolic Pathways
Series of chemical reactions that convert the starting compound into a product
Ex. Glucose —> pyruvate
What is the job of an enzyme in metabolic pathways?
-they lower the activation energy which increases the rate of the reaction
How does an enzyme work as a biological catalyst?
- Substrate comes into contact with the active site on an enzyme
- Enzyme-Substrate complex is formed
- Product is released & enzyme dissociates until it can be used again
Cofactors
-assist enzymes
Ex. Magnesium, zinc, copper ect
Coenzymes
-organic cofactors
Ex. Vitamins, NAD+
What environmental factors influence enzymes?
- temperature (higher temp denatures proteins)
- pH (neutral:7-8)
- low salt is preferred
Allosteric Regulation
- enzyme activity is controlled by binding to allosteric site (any site other than active site)
- distorts enzyme’s shape–> prevents or enhances binding
Competitive Inhibitor
- binds at the active site
- changes shape of active site
Non-competitive Inhibitor
-binds to a site other than the active site
Are bacteria able to store ATP?
No! They require a continuous supply
Can ATP be used to lower activation energy?
Yes!
When ATP is hydrolyzed it becomes?
ADP + inorganic phosphate
What is the purpose of an inorganic phosphate?
To attach to something and energize it
How do you get energy out of a molecule?
By breaking the bonds
Electron donor
Energy source
Electron acceptor
- last place the electrons end up
- must be more electronegative than the donor
- hold/store the e-
Ex. Pyruvate
Does the electron acceptor have to be an organic molecule?
No, can be inorganic
What must always be the electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
A substance that loses electrons is _____?
Oxidized
A substance that gains electrons is ______?
Reduced
If something has electrons that it can donate, it is a ________.
Reducing agent
Role of an electron carrier
-transfer electrons to molecules & raise energy level of recipient molecule
Precursor metabolites
-instead of just using them to create energy, we could use them to make something else
Ex. Pyruvate
Do we always end up with 2 pyruvate in glycolysis?
No, things can be taken out to form something else
Is E.Coli fastidious or non-fastidious?
Non-fastidious because it doesn’t need growth factor.
Oxidization definition
Removal of hydrogen from a molecule
A hydrogen atom consists of?
Proton & electron
How does cyanide kill you?
- Cyanide prevents oxygen from binding to the final carrier in the electron transport chain.
- individuals die from lack of oxygen
