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Physical Anthropology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

quadrupedalism

A

locomotion using for limbs, with hands and feet moving on a surface such as the ground or top of a branch of a tree

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2
Q

pronograde

A

posture with the body held parallel to the ground

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3
Q

branch running an walking

A

a form of quadrupedalism in which the animal is walking along a branch, grasping with both hands and feet

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4
Q

ground running and walking

A

a form of quadrupedalism that takes place on the ground as opposed to in the trees

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5
Q

Old World semibrachiation

A

locomotor pattern involving extensive use of hands, but not the tail, in leaping in a basically quadrupedal animal

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6
Q

New World semibrachiation

A

locomotor pattern involving extensive use of hands and prehensile tail to suspend and propel the body in species otherwise quadrupedal

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7
Q

slow climbing

A

locomotor pattern in which the animal moves slowly and cautiously without leaping

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8
Q

orthograde

A

vertical posture

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9
Q

vertical clinging and leaping

A

a method of locomotion in which the animal clings vertically to a branch and moves between branches by leaping vertically from one to another. The animal moves on the ground by hopping or moves bipedally

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10
Q

suspensory behavior

A

form of locomotion and posture whereby animals suspend themselves underneath a branch

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11
Q

true brachiation

A

hand-over-hand locomotion along a branch with the body suspended underneath the branch by the arms

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12
Q

quadrumanous locomotion

A

locomotor pattern found among orangutans, who often suspend themselves under branches and move slowly using both forelimbs and hindlimbs

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13
Q

knuckle walking

A

semierect quadrupedalism, found in chimpanzees and gorillas with upper parts of the body supported by the knuckles as opposed to palms

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14
Q

erect bipedalism

A

a form of locomotion found in humans in which the body is maintained in an upright posture on two legs while moving by means of heel-toe stride

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15
Q

heel-toe stride

A

method of progression characteristics of humans where the heel strikes the ground first; the person pushes off on the big toe

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16
Q

intermembral index

A

the length of the humerus and radius relative to the length of the femur and tibia

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17
Q

lumbar curve

A

a curve that forms in the lumbar region of the spine in humans

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18
Q

gluteus maximus

A

in humans, the largest muscle of the body; acts as an extensor, extending the leg in running and climbing

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19
Q

gluteus medius & minimus

A

muscle of the pelvis that in monkeys and apes acts as an extensor, but in humans acts as an abductor

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20
Q

extensor

A

a muscle that straightens out the bones about a joint

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21
Q

abductors

A

muscles that move a part of the body away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

brachial index

A

the length of the radius relative to the length of the humerus

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23
Q

crucal index

A

the length of the tibia relative to the length of the femur

24
Q

power grip

A

a grip in which an object is held between the fingers and the palm with the thumb reinforcing the fingers

25
Q

precision grip

A

a grip in which an object is held between one or more fingers with the thumb fully opposed to the fingertips

26
Q

occipital condyles

A

two rounded projections on either side of the foramen magnum that fit into a pair of sockets on the top of the spine, thus articulating the skull with the spine

27
Q

foramen magnum

A

a large opening in the occipital bone at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

28
Q

nuchal muscle

A

the muscle in the back of the neck that functions to hold the head up. In primates with heavy facial skeletons, the large nuchal muscle attaches to a nuchal crest

29
Q

nuchal crest

A

flange of bone in the occipital region of the skull that serves as the attachment of the nuchal musculature of the back of the neck

30
Q

prognathism

A

a jutting forward of the facial skeleton and jaws

31
Q

forebrain

A

the anterior of three swellings in the hollow nerve cord of the primitive vertebrae brain formed by a thickening of the wall of the nerve cord

32
Q

midbrain

A

the middle of the three swellings in the hollow nerve cord of the primitive vertebrae brain formed by a thickening of the wall of the nerve cord

33
Q

hindbrain

A

the posterior of the three swellings

34
Q

neocortex

A

gray covering on the cerebrum of some vertebraes; site of higher mental processes

35
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the “gray matter” of the brain; the center of conscious evaluation, planning, skill, speech, and other higher mental activities

36
Q

allometric growth

A

patterns of growth whereby different parts of the body grow at different rates with respect to each other

37
Q

encephalization quotient

A

a number reflecting the increase in brain size over and beyond that explainable by an increase in body size

38
Q

social intelligence

A

the knowledge and images that originate in an individual’s brain that are transferred by speech to the brain of others

39
Q

cranial capacity

A

the volume of the brain case of the skull

40
Q

endocranical cast

A

a cast of the inside of the brain case

41
Q

cheek teeth

A

the premolars and molars

42
Q

cusps

A

points on a tooth

43
Q

insectivores

A

animals that eat primarily insects; also members of the mammalian order insectivora

44
Q

frugivores

A

animals that eat primarily fruits

45
Q

folivores

A

animals that eat leaves

46
Q

omnivores

A

animals that eat a variety of different kinds of food

47
Q

dental formula

A

2:1:2:3

48
Q

dental arcade

A

the tooth row as seen from above

49
Q

diastema

A

a space between teeth

50
Q

sectorial premolar

A

unicusped first lower premolar with a shearing edge

51
Q

Y-5 pattern

A

pattern found on molars with 5 cusps, separated by grooves, reminiscent of the letter Y

52
Q

simian shelf

A

a bony buttress on the inner surface of the foremost part of the ape mandible, functioning to reinforce the mandible

53
Q

chin

A

a bony projection of the lower border that arises on the side of the skull and inserts on the jaw

54
Q

temporalis

A

a muscle of chewing that arises on the side of the skull and is used for chewing, inserts on jaw

55
Q

sagittal crest

A

ridge of bone along the midline of the to of the skull that serves for the attachment of the temporalis muscle

56
Q

masseter

A

a muscle of chewing that arises on the zygomatic arch of the skill and inserts on the mandible

Physical Anthropology (8 decks)

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