Chapter 6

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

a system of organizing data

Question 2

taxonomy

Answer 2

the science of classifying organisms into different categories

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

the Swedish naturalist, developed the system of classification used in modern biology

Question 4

binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

a system of naming species that uses a double name such as Homo sapiens. The first name alone names the genus; both names used together name the species

Question 5

binomen

Answer 5

a two-part name given to a species; the first name is also the name of the genus
Example: Homo sapien

Question 6

genus

Answer 6

a group of closely related species

Question 7

archetype

Answer 7

the divine plan or blueprint for a species or higher taxonomic categories

Question 8

taxon

Answer 8

a group of organisms at any level of the taxonomic hierarchy.

Question 9

higher taxa

Answer 9

above the level of genus; such as family, order, class, phylum and kingdom

Question 10

family

Answer 10

major division of an order, consisting of closely related genera.

Question 11

order

Answer 11

major division of a class, consisting of closely related families

Question 12

phylogeny

Answer 12

the evolutionary history of a population or taxon

Question 13

homologies/homologous features

Answer 13

similarities due to inheritance from a common ancestor

Question 14

homoplastic

Answer 14

referring to similarities that are not homologous; arises from parallelism, convergence, analogy, and chance

Question 15

convergence

Answer 15

nonhomologous similarities in different evolutionary lines

ex: sperm whale and gray wolf both nourish fetus through placenta until birth

Question 16

parallelism

Answer 16

homoplastic similarities found in related species that did not exist in the common ancestor; however the common ancestor provided initial commonalities that gave direction to the evolution of the similarities
Ex: Old World Monkey and New Age Monkey

Question 17

analogies

Answer 17

structures that are superficially similar and serve similar functions but have no evolutionary relationship
EX: the wings of bats and insects

Question 18

cladistics

Answer 18

a theory of classification that differentiates between shared ancestral and shared derived features

Question 19

clade

Answer 19

a group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry

Question 20

shared derived features

Answer 20

a recently appearing homology that is shared by a relatively small group of closely related taxa

Question 21

shared ancestral features

Answer 21

compared with shared derived features, a homology that did not appear as recently and is therefore shared by a larger group of species

Question 22

outgroup

Answer 22

species used in a cladistic analysis that are closely related to the species being studied and are used to differentiate between shared derived and ancestral features

Question 23

cladogram

Answer 23

a graphic representation of the species, or other taxa, being studied, based on cladistic analysis

Question 24

LUCA

Answer 24

Last Universal Common Ancestor, belief that all living organisms originated from a common ancestor

Question 25

evolutionary development biology

Answer 25

a field of biology that compares the development process of organisms to determine evolutionary relationships and investigate how these process evolved

Question 26

ontogeny

Answer 26

refers to the life history of an organism from fertilization to death

Question 27

homeotic (Hox genes)

Answer 27

Genes that regulate the basic structure and orientation of an organism

Question 28

Chordates

Answer 28

members of the phylum Chordata; chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord, and gill slits at some point in the life cycle

Question 29

notochord

Answer 29

a cartilaginous rod (internal skeleton) that runs along the back (dorsal) of all chordates at some point in their life cycle

Question 30

gill slits

Answer 30

structures that filter out food particles in nonvertebrate chordates and are used for breathing in some vertebrates

Question 31

vertebrates

Answer 31

members of the subphylum Vertebrata; possess a bony spine or vertebral column

Question 32

gill arches

Answer 32

skeletal elements supporting the gill slits in nonvertebrate chordates and some vertebrates

Question 33

amniote egg

Answer 33

an egg with a shell and several internal membranes, which made reproduction on land possible

Question 34

mammals

Answer 34

Mammalia, characterized a by a constant level of activity independent of external temperature and by mammal glands, hair or fur, heterodonty, and other features

Question 35

behavioral thermoregulation

Answer 35

using behavior, such as avoiding or seeking sources of heat, to regulate body temperature

Question 36

homeothermic

Answer 36

the ability to control body temp and maintain a high boy temp through physiological means

Question 37

heterodont

Answer 37

dentition characterized by regional differentiation of teeth by function

Question 38

diphyodonty

Answer 38

having two sets of teeth, the deciduous and the permanent teeth

Question 39

mammary glands

Answer 39

glands found in mammalian females that produce milk

Question 40

prototherian

Answer 40

referring to mammals belonging to the subclass Prototheria monotremes or egg-laying mammals

Question 41

therian

Answer 41

mammals belonging to the subclass Theria; the “live-bearing” mammals including the marsupials and placental mammals