Chapter 6 Flashcards
Classification
a system of organizing data
taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms into different categories
Carolus Linnaeus
the Swedish naturalist, developed the system of classification used in modern biology
binomial nomenclature
a system of naming species that uses a double name such as Homo sapiens. The first name alone names the genus; both names used together name the species
binomen
a two-part name given to a species; the first name is also the name of the genus
Example: Homo sapien
genus
a group of closely related species
archetype
the divine plan or blueprint for a species or higher taxonomic categories
taxon
a group of organisms at any level of the taxonomic hierarchy.
higher taxa
above the level of genus; such as family, order, class, phylum and kingdom
family
major division of an order, consisting of closely related genera.
order
major division of a class, consisting of closely related families
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a population or taxon
homologies/homologous features
similarities due to inheritance from a common ancestor
homoplastic
referring to similarities that are not homologous; arises from parallelism, convergence, analogy, and chance
convergence
nonhomologous similarities in different evolutionary lines
ex: sperm whale and gray wolf both nourish fetus through placenta until birth
parallelism
homoplastic similarities found in related species that did not exist in the common ancestor; however the common ancestor provided initial commonalities that gave direction to the evolution of the similarities
Ex: Old World Monkey and New Age Monkey
analogies
structures that are superficially similar and serve similar functions but have no evolutionary relationship
EX: the wings of bats and insects
cladistics
a theory of classification that differentiates between shared ancestral and shared derived features
clade
a group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry
shared derived features
a recently appearing homology that is shared by a relatively small group of closely related taxa
shared ancestral features
compared with shared derived features, a homology that did not appear as recently and is therefore shared by a larger group of species
outgroup
species used in a cladistic analysis that are closely related to the species being studied and are used to differentiate between shared derived and ancestral features
cladogram
a graphic representation of the species, or other taxa, being studied, based on cladistic analysis
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor, belief that all living organisms originated from a common ancestor
evolutionary development biology
a field of biology that compares the development process of organisms to determine evolutionary relationships and investigate how these process evolved
ontogeny
refers to the life history of an organism from fertilization to death
homeotic (Hox genes)
Genes that regulate the basic structure and orientation of an organism
Chordates
members of the phylum Chordata; chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord, and gill slits at some point in the life cycle
notochord
a cartilaginous rod (internal skeleton) that runs along the back (dorsal) of all chordates at some point in their life cycle
gill slits
structures that filter out food particles in nonvertebrate chordates and are used for breathing in some vertebrates
vertebrates
members of the subphylum Vertebrata; possess a bony spine or vertebral column
gill arches
skeletal elements supporting the gill slits in nonvertebrate chordates and some vertebrates
amniote egg
an egg with a shell and several internal membranes, which made reproduction on land possible
mammals
Mammalia, characterized a by a constant level of activity independent of external temperature and by mammal glands, hair or fur, heterodonty, and other features
behavioral thermoregulation
using behavior, such as avoiding or seeking sources of heat, to regulate body temperature
homeothermic
the ability to control body temp and maintain a high boy temp through physiological means
heterodont
dentition characterized by regional differentiation of teeth by function
diphyodonty
having two sets of teeth, the deciduous and the permanent teeth
mammary glands
glands found in mammalian females that produce milk
prototherian
referring to mammals belonging to the subclass Prototheria monotremes or egg-laying mammals
therian
mammals belonging to the subclass Theria; the “live-bearing” mammals including the marsupials and placental mammals
