Chapter 2

Question 1

pangenesis

Answer 1

idea that particles throughout the body can be influenced by the activities of an organism…modify the sex cells in a way that acquired characteristics can be passed on to the next generation. discredited

Question 2

Gregor Mendel

Answer 2

pea plant experiment,

Question 3

true-breeding

Answer 3

showing the same traits without exception over many generations

Question 4

hybrids

Answer 4

individuals that are the result of a cross breeding between 2 different kinds of parents

Question 5

dominant

Answer 5

the trait that is seen in the hybrid

Question 6

recessive

Answer 6

the trait that is not seen

Question 7

segregation

Answer 7

(in the formation of sex cells) the process in which paired hereditary factors separate, forming sex cells that contain either one or the other factor

Question 8

back cross

Answer 8

the process of crossing a hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent

Question 9

independent assortment

Answer 9

Mendelian principle, states that differing traits are inherited independently of each other

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

the observable and measurable characteristics of an organism

Question 11

trait

Answer 11

one aspect of the phenotype

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

the genetic constitution of an individual

Question 13

monozyqotic twins

Answer 13

identical twins: derived from a single zygote

Question 14

zygote

Answer 14

fertilized ovum

Question 15

dizygotic twins

Answer 15

fraternal twins

Question 16

genes

Answer 16

sections of the genetic material that have specific functions

Question 17

alleles

Answer 17

alternative forms of a gene

Question 18

homozygous

Answer 18

having two like alleles of a particular gene:
homozygous dominant when the allele is dominant
homozygous recessive when gene is recessive

Question 19

homozygous dominant

Answer 19

two dominant alleles of the same gene

Question 20

homozygous recessive

Answer 20

two recessive alleles of the same gene

Question 21

phenylthiocarbamide

Answer 21

artificially created substance whose main use is in detecting the ability to taste it; relates to inherited dominance

Question 22

heterozygous

Answer 22

having two different alleles of a particular gene

Question 23

cytogenetics

Answer 23

study of the hereditary mechanisms within the cell

Question 24

cell

Answer 24

the smallest unit able to perform all those activities collectively called life. All living organisms are either one cell or composed of several

Question 25

plasma membrane

Answer 25

a structure that binds the cell but allows for the entry and exit of certain substance

Question 26

nucleus

Answer 26

structure found in the cell that contains the chromosomes

Question 27

nuclear membrane

Answer 27

binds the nucleus within the cell

Question 28

cytoplasm

Answer 28

material within the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane

Question 29

chromosomes

Answer 29

bodies found in the nucleus of the cell that contain the hereditary material

Question 30

chromatids

Answer 30

strands of replicated chromosomes. joined together by centromeres

Question 31

centromere

Answer 31

structure in the chromosomes holding the 2 chromatids together during cell division, it is the site of attachment for the spindle fibers

Question 32

karyotype

Answer 32

the standardized classifications and arrangement of chromosomes

Question 33

homologuous chromosomes

Answer 33

chromosomes of the same pairing containing the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles

Question 34

sex chromosomes

Answer 34

X and Y males XY, females XX

Question 35

autosomes

Answer 35

chromosomes other that sex chromosomes

Question 36

mitosis

Answer 36

form of cell division whereby one-celled organisms divide and body cells divide in growth and replacement

Question 37

meiosis

Answer 37

form the cell division occurring in specialized tissues in the testes and ovaries that leads to the production of gametes or sex cells

Question 38

gametes

Answer 38

a sex cell produced by meiosis that contains one copy of a set of a chromosome set (23 in humans)

Question 39

estrus

Answer 39

time period during which the female is sexually receptive

Question 40

linkage

Answer 40

association of genes on the same chromosome

Question 41

atoms

Answer 41

the building blocks of matter

Question 42

molecules

Answer 42

units composed of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds

Question 43

carbohydrates

Answer 43

organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes

Question 44

proteins

Answer 44

long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (a polypeptide chain)

Question 45

amino acids

Answer 45

molecules that are the basic building block of proteins

Question 46

peptide bond

Answer 46

a link between amino acids in a protein

Question 47

polypeptides

Answer 47

chains of amino acids

Question 48

nucleic acids

Answer 48

the largest of the molecules found in living organisms (made of nucleotides)

Question 49

nucleotide

Answer 49

the basic building bolck of nucleic acids; composed of a five carbon sugar

Question 50

ribose

Answer 50

a five carbon sugar found in RNA

Question 51

deoxyribose

Answer 51

a five-carbon sugar found in the DNA molecule

Question 52

phosphate unit

Answer 52

a unit of nucleic acid molecule consisting of a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms

Question 53

base

Answer 53

a subunit of a nucleotide that makes up the DNA and RNA molecules; adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Question 54

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 54

a nucleic acid that controls the structure of proteins and hence determines inherited characteristics

Question 55

mitochandria

Answer 55

bodies found in the cytoplasm that convert the energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules into ATP