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Physical Anthropology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pangenesis

A

idea that particles throughout the body can be influenced by the activities of an organism…modify the sex cells in a way that acquired characteristics can be passed on to the next generation. discredited

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

pea plant experiment,

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3
Q

true-breeding

A

showing the same traits without exception over many generations

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4
Q

hybrids

A

individuals that are the result of a cross breeding between 2 different kinds of parents

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5
Q

dominant

A

the trait that is seen in the hybrid

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6
Q

recessive

A

the trait that is not seen

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7
Q

segregation

A

(in the formation of sex cells) the process in which paired hereditary factors separate, forming sex cells that contain either one or the other factor

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8
Q

back cross

A

the process of crossing a hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent

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9
Q

independent assortment

A

Mendelian principle, states that differing traits are inherited independently of each other

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10
Q

phenotype

A

the observable and measurable characteristics of an organism

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11
Q

trait

A

one aspect of the phenotype

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12
Q

genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual

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13
Q

monozyqotic twins

A

identical twins: derived from a single zygote

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14
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovum

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15
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

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16
Q

genes

A

sections of the genetic material that have specific functions

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17
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

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18
Q

homozygous

A

having two like alleles of a particular gene:
homozygous dominant when the allele is dominant
homozygous recessive when gene is recessive

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19
Q

homozygous dominant

A

two dominant alleles of the same gene

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20
Q

homozygous recessive

A

two recessive alleles of the same gene

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21
Q

phenylthiocarbamide

A

artificially created substance whose main use is in detecting the ability to taste it; relates to inherited dominance

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22
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene

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23
Q

cytogenetics

A

study of the hereditary mechanisms within the cell

24
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit able to perform all those activities collectively called life. All living organisms are either one cell or composed of several

25
Q

plasma membrane

A

a structure that binds the cell but allows for the entry and exit of certain substance

26
Q

nucleus

A

structure found in the cell that contains the chromosomes

27
Q

nuclear membrane

A

binds the nucleus within the cell

28
Q

cytoplasm

A

material within the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane

29
Q

chromosomes

A

bodies found in the nucleus of the cell that contain the hereditary material

30
Q

chromatids

A

strands of replicated chromosomes. joined together by centromeres

31
Q

centromere

A

structure in the chromosomes holding the 2 chromatids together
during cell division, it is the site of attachment for the spindle fibers

32
Q

karyotype

A

the standardized classifications and arrangement of chromosomes

33
Q

homologuous chromosomes

A

chromosomes of the same pairing containing the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles

34
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X and Y males XY, females XX

35
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes other that sex chromosomes

36
Q

mitosis

A

form of cell division whereby one-celled organisms divide and body cells divide in growth and replacement

37
Q

meiosis

A

form the cell division occurring in specialized tissues in the testes and ovaries that leads to the production of gametes or sex cells

38
Q

gametes

A

a sex cell produced by meiosis that contains one copy of a set of a chromosome set (23 in humans)

39
Q

estrus

A

time period during which the female is sexually receptive

40
Q

linkage

A

association of genes on the same chromosome

41
Q

atoms

A

the building blocks of matter

42
Q

molecules

A

units composed of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds

43
Q

carbohydrates

A

organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes

44
Q

proteins

A

long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (a polypeptide chain)

45
Q

amino acids

A

molecules that are the basic building block of proteins

46
Q

peptide bond

A

a link between amino acids in a protein

47
Q

polypeptides

A

chains of amino acids

48
Q

nucleic acids

A

the largest of the molecules found in living organisms (made of nucleotides)

49
Q

nucleotide

A

the basic building bolck of nucleic acids; composed of a five carbon sugar

50
Q

ribose

A

a five carbon sugar found in RNA

51
Q

deoxyribose

A

a five-carbon sugar found in the DNA molecule

52
Q

phosphate unit

A

a unit of nucleic acid molecule consisting of a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms

53
Q

base

A

a subunit of a nucleotide that makes up the DNA and RNA molecules; adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

54
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that controls the structure of proteins and hence determines inherited characteristics

55
Q

mitochandria

A

bodies found in the cytoplasm that convert the energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules into ATP

Physical Anthropology (8 decks)

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