chapter 8 Flashcards
motivation and emotion
emotion
a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity and prepares peoples for action
appraisal
conscious or unconscious evaluation and interpretation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus or event
action tendencies
a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion relevant behaviors
James Lang theory
a theory that feelings are simply the perception of ones own physiological response to a stimulus
two factor theory of emotion
the theory that stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion
emotional expression
an observable sign of an emotional state
universality hypothesis
the theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
facial feedback hypothesis
the theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify
display rule
a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
intensification
exaggerating the expression of emotion
deintensification
muting the expression of emotion
masking
expressing one emotion while feeling another
neutralizing
showing no expression of the emption one is feeling
motivation
the internal cause of purposeful behavior
drive reduction theory
the theory that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
hedonic principle
the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
emotion regulation
the strategies people use to influence their emotional experiences
reappraisal
the process of changing ones emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion eliciting stimulus
binge eating disorder
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short amount of time
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior (purging).
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a sever restriction of food intake
evolutionary mismatch
the idea that traits were adaptive in ancestral environments may be maladaptive (not adjusting adequately) to modern environments
metabolism
the rate at which the body uses energy
human sexual response cycle
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. - Motivation by internal goals
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves not rewarding but lead to reward. - motivation by external goals
over justification effect
a phenomenon whereby people who are rewarded for a behavior became less intrinsically motivated to repeat it
conscious motivation
motivations of which people are aware
unconscious motivations
motivations of which people are not aware
achievement motivation
the desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting ones goals
approach motivation
the motivation to experience positive outcomes
avoidance motivation
the motivation to avoid negative outcomes
loss eversion
the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than achieving equal size gains
terror management theory
a theory about how people respond to the knowledge of their own mortality
drive
a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
incentive and expectancy theories
theories proposing that we are often motivated by positive goals. assumes stimuli have different levels of incentive value
expectancy theory
assume goal directed behavior is determined by 2 factors : expectancy and value
Motivation= expectancy X inventive value
incentive
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
Maslows hierarchy of needs
model developed by Abraham Maslow , proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs. Humanistic perspective .
-self actualization
-esteem
-belonging
- safety
-physiological
basal metabolism
metabolic rate when body is at rest
set point
value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain
short term signals for hunger
hunger pangs and glucostatic theory
hunger pangs
muscular contractions of the stomach . correspond to feelings of hunger and satiety.
glucose
a simple sugar used for energy by the body. excess is stored in liver and fat. hypothalamus regulates levels
glucostatic theory
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore proper levels of glucose
short term signals for satiety
distention of the stomach and intestine. peptide hormones are released into the blood and suppress appetite. nutritious foods generate satiety more effectively than non nutritious foods
cholecystokinin
peptide hormone released by small intestine (causes satiety)
leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. a long term signal for regulating appetite and weight
laboratory models of obesity and appetite
mice with the OB (obesity) gene mutation are unable to produce leptin and will overeat. mice with DB gene mutation can produce leptin, but it has no effects on receptors in the brain, will also overeat.
lateral hypothalamus
electrical stimulation leads to increased eating. lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation. may be due to digestive responses and a general decreased capacity to respond to stimuli
ventromedial hypothalamus
electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating. lesioning leads to excess food consumption
paraventricular nucleus
a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus. contains neuropeptide Y releasing neurons
neuropeptide Y
located in the paraventricular nucleus. Stimulates appetite. its release is inhibited by leptin
palatability
better tasking foods are consumed in larger quantities
cognitive component
subjective conscious experience
physiological component
autonomic responses
behavioral component
overt behavioral expressions
primary emotions
small number (about 7) of emotions believed by some to be cross culturally universal : happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust. combine to form secondary emotions
non verbal leakage
unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behavior
personal space
emotional distance is often positively correlated with physical distance
common sense theory of emotion
“I tremble because I feel afraid”
stimulus -> conscious feeling -> autonomic arousal
James lang theory of emotion
” I feel afraid because I tremble”
Stimulus -> conscious feeling -> autonomic arousal
cannon bard theory of emotion
” this makes me feel afraid and tremble”
stimulus -> subcortical brain activity -> conscious feeling AND autonomic arousal
2 factor theory of emotion
” I label my trembling as fear because i appraise the situation as dangerous”
Stimulus -> environment -> autonomic arousal-> appraisal -> conscious feeling
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorable towards it
