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psych 104 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

motivation and emotion

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1
Q

emotion

A

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity and prepares peoples for action

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2
Q

appraisal

A

conscious or unconscious evaluation and interpretation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

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3
Q

action tendencies

A

a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion relevant behaviors

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4
Q

James Lang theory

A

a theory that feelings are simply the perception of ones own physiological response to a stimulus

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5
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

the theory that stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion

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6
Q

emotional expression

A

an observable sign of an emotional state

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7
Q

universality hypothesis

A

the theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times

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8
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

the theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify

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9
Q

display rule

A

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

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10
Q

intensification

A

exaggerating the expression of emotion

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11
Q

deintensification

A

muting the expression of emotion

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12
Q

masking

A

expressing one emotion while feeling another

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13
Q

neutralizing

A

showing no expression of the emption one is feeling

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14
Q

motivation

A

the internal cause of purposeful behavior

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15
Q

drive reduction theory

A

the theory that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

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16
Q

hedonic principle

A

the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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17
Q

emotion regulation

A

the strategies people use to influence their emotional experiences

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18
Q

reappraisal

A

the process of changing ones emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion eliciting stimulus

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19
Q

binge eating disorder

A

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short amount of time

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20
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior (purging).

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21
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a sever restriction of food intake

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22
Q

evolutionary mismatch

A

the idea that traits were adaptive in ancestral environments may be maladaptive (not adjusting adequately) to modern environments

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23
Q

metabolism

A

the rate at which the body uses energy

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24
Q

human sexual response cycle

A

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

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25
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. - Motivation by internal goals

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26
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that are themselves not rewarding but lead to reward. - motivation by external goals

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27
Q

over justification effect

A

a phenomenon whereby people who are rewarded for a behavior became less intrinsically motivated to repeat it

28
Q

conscious motivation

A

motivations of which people are aware

29
Q

unconscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are not aware

30
Q

achievement motivation

A

the desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting ones goals

31
Q

approach motivation

A

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

32
Q

avoidance motivation

A

the motivation to avoid negative outcomes

33
Q

loss eversion

A

the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than achieving equal size gains

34
Q

terror management theory

A

a theory about how people respond to the knowledge of their own mortality

35
Q

drive

A

a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

36
Q

incentive and expectancy theories

A

theories proposing that we are often motivated by positive goals. assumes stimuli have different levels of incentive value

36
Q

expectancy theory

A

assume goal directed behavior is determined by 2 factors : expectancy and value
Motivation= expectancy X inventive value

36
Q

incentive

A

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

36
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

model developed by Abraham Maslow , proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs. Humanistic perspective .
-self actualization
-esteem
-belonging
- safety
-physiological

36
Q

basal metabolism

A

metabolic rate when body is at rest

37
Q

set point

A

value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

37
Q

short term signals for hunger

A

hunger pangs and glucostatic theory

38
Q

hunger pangs

A

muscular contractions of the stomach . correspond to feelings of hunger and satiety.

39
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar used for energy by the body. excess is stored in liver and fat. hypothalamus regulates levels

40
Q

glucostatic theory

A

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore proper levels of glucose

41
Q

short term signals for satiety

A

distention of the stomach and intestine. peptide hormones are released into the blood and suppress appetite. nutritious foods generate satiety more effectively than non nutritious foods

42
Q

cholecystokinin

A

peptide hormone released by small intestine (causes satiety)

43
Q

leptin

A

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. a long term signal for regulating appetite and weight

44
Q

laboratory models of obesity and appetite

A

mice with the OB (obesity) gene mutation are unable to produce leptin and will overeat. mice with DB gene mutation can produce leptin, but it has no effects on receptors in the brain, will also overeat.

45
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

electrical stimulation leads to increased eating. lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation. may be due to digestive responses and a general decreased capacity to respond to stimuli

46
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating. lesioning leads to excess food consumption

47
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus. contains neuropeptide Y releasing neurons

48
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

located in the paraventricular nucleus. Stimulates appetite. its release is inhibited by leptin

49
Q

palatability

A

better tasking foods are consumed in larger quantities

50
Q

cognitive component

A

subjective conscious experience

51
Q

physiological component

A

autonomic responses

52
Q

behavioral component

A

overt behavioral expressions

53
Q

primary emotions

A

small number (about 7) of emotions believed by some to be cross culturally universal : happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust. combine to form secondary emotions

54
Q

non verbal leakage

A

unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behavior

55
Q

personal space

A

emotional distance is often positively correlated with physical distance

56
Q

common sense theory of emotion

A

“I tremble because I feel afraid”
stimulus -> conscious feeling -> autonomic arousal

57
Q

James lang theory of emotion

A

” I feel afraid because I tremble”
Stimulus -> conscious feeling -> autonomic arousal

58
Q

cannon bard theory of emotion

A

” this makes me feel afraid and tremble”
stimulus -> subcortical brain activity -> conscious feeling AND autonomic arousal

59
Q

2 factor theory of emotion

A

” I label my trembling as fear because i appraise the situation as dangerous”
Stimulus -> environment -> autonomic arousal-> appraisal -> conscious feeling

60
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorable towards it

psych 104 (8 decks)

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