chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of mind and behaviour

Question 2

philosophical dualism/ substance dualism

Answer 2

the view that the mind and body are fundamentally different things.
-philosopher: Rene Descartes.

Question 3

philosophical realism

Answer 3

the view that our perceptions of the world are a faithful copy of info from the world that enters our brain through our sensory apparatus

Question 4

philosophical idealism

Answer 4

the view that our perceptions of the physical world are our brain’s best interpretation of the info that enters through our sensory apparatus

Question 5

philosophical empiricism

Answer 5

the view that all knowledge is acquired through our experiences.

Question 6

philosophical nativism

Answer 6

the view that some knowledge is innate rather that acquired

Question 7

reaction time

Answer 7

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a persons response to that stimulus

Question 8

structuralism

Answer 8

an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements. relied on introspection.
-philosophers: Wilhelm Wundt, and Edward Titchener

Question 9

introspection

Answer 9

the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers. (the act of looking inward to analyze one’s own conscious mental processes.)
-philosopher: Wilhelm Wundt

Question 10

functionalism

Answer 10

an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes. suggests that the mind’s primary purpose is to help humans adapt to their environment. This approach emphasizes the overall function of the brain in fulfilling practical needs, rather than analyzing its separate components.
-Philosophers: William James

Question 11

hysteria

Answer 11

the loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

Question 12

unconscious

Answer 12

the part of the mind that contains info of which people are not aware

Question 13

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 13

a general theory that emphasized the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
-philosopher: Sigmund Freud

Question 14

psychoanalysis

Answer 14

a therapy that claims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds
- philosopher: Sigmund Freud

Question 15

behaviorism

Answer 15

an approach to psych that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior
- Philosopher: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Question 16

principle of reinforcement

Answer 16

principle stating that any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t rewarded won’t be repeated

Question 17

gestalt psychology

Answer 17

an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience . sees the mind and behaviour as a whole

Question 18

developmental psychology

Answer 18

the study of the ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span

Question 19

social psychology

Answer 19

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Question 20

cognitive psychology

Answer 20

the study of human information processing

Question 21

evolutionary psychology

Answer 21

the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

Question 22

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 22

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind. mainly studied in humans

Question 23

behavioural neuroscience

Answer 23

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind. mainly studied in non humans

Question 24

cultural psychology

Answer 24

the study of how culture influences mental life

Question 25

the theory of humourism

Answer 25

theory by Hippocrates that there are 4 humours that combine to create a persons personality. if the humours were balanced than the person was healthy
black bile (sad, introverted, independent)
Blood (cheerful, impulsive, charismatic)
Yellow bile (angry, ambitious, aggressive)
Phlegm ( sluggish, relaxed, sensitive)

Question 26

4 goals of psychology

Answer 26

1. describe how people and other animals behave
2. explain and understand the causes of these behaviours.

Question 27

mind body problem

Answer 27

how do minds and bodies interact. i.e how can an immaterial thing effect a material thing

Question 28

Occam’s razor

Answer 28

when confronted with 2 or more equally good competing explanations, the most parsimonious is preferred . i.e. the one that makes the least amount of new assumptions is preferred

Question 29

operant conditioning

Answer 29

likelihood of a behavior increases or decreases based on the consequences that follow. Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less likely to happen.
-Philosophers: B.F. Skinner

Question 30

humanistic perspective

Answer 30

theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth.
-philosophers: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow.

Question 31

biological perspective

Answer 31

focuses on how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior.