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psych 104 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

senses

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1
Q

sensation

A

simple stimulation of a sense organ

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2
Q

perception

A

organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

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3
Q

transduction

A

process whereby sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals that are sent to the central nervous system

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4
Q

sensory adaptation

A

process whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulus tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current (unchanging) conditions

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

methods that systemically relate the physical characteristics of a stimulus to an observers perception

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimal intensity needed to barely detect a stimulus in 50% of trials

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7
Q

sensitivity

A

how responsive we are to a faint stimulus

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8
Q

acuity

A

how well we can distinguish 2 very similar stimuli

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9
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

the minimal change in stimulus that is just barely noticed
JND= K (constant) x I (intensity)

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10
Q

webers law

A

for every sense domain, the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant proportion despite variation in intensities

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

a approach that holds that the response to a stimulus depends both on a person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons decision criteria

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12
Q

retina

A

a layer of light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

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13
Q

accommodation

A

the process whereby the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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14
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine details

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15
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that become active under low light conditions

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16
Q

fovea

A

area of the retina where vision is clearest and there are no rods at all

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17
Q

blind spot

A

a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

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18
Q

area V1

A

the part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

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19
Q

color opponent system

A

theory stating that pairs of cone types (channels) work in opposition

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20
Q

visual receptive field

A

the region of the visual field to which each neuron responds

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21
Q

visual form agnosia

A

the inability to recognize objects by sight

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22
Q

binding problem

A

how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free floating or miscombined features

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23
Q

parallel processing

A

the brains capacity to perform multiple activities at the same time

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24
Q

illusory conjunction

A

a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects

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25
Q

feature integration theory

A

the idea that focused attention is not required to detect individual features that make up stimuli

26
Q

attention

A

the active and conscious processing of particular info

27
Q

perceptual constancy

A

a perceptual principal stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant

28
Q

perceptual organization

A

the process of grouping and segregating features to create whole groups organized in meaningful ways

29
Q

monocular depth cues

A

aspects of a scene that yield info about depth when viewed only with 1 eye

30
Q

binocular disparity

A

the difference in retinal images of the 2 eyes that provides info about depth

31
Q

apparent motion

A

the perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations

32
Q

biological motion perception

A

the ability to perceive biological motion critical for identifying individuals and variables socially relevant features

33
Q

spatial acuity

A

the ability to distinguish 2 features that are very close together in time

34
Q

multisensory

A

events that stimulate multiple senses at a time

35
Q

ventriloquist illusion

A

the fact that you depend on your visual system for reliable info about spatial location

36
Q

change blindness

A

failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

37
Q

synthesia

A

when 1 attribute of a stimulus such as its sound or shape, leads to the conscious experience of ana additional attribute, often in a different sensory modality than the initiating stimulus

38
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

39
Q

sound waves

A

how high or low a sound is

40
Q

frequency

A

corresponds to our perception of pitch. low frequency= low pitch, high frequency= high pitch

41
Q

amplitude

A

corresponds to our perception of loudness
high amplitude= loud, low amplitude= soft

42
Q

complexity

A

corresponds to our perception of timbre. simple=pure tone, complex= mix of frequencies

43
Q

loudness

A

perception of a sounds intensity

44
Q

timbre

A

the quality of sound that allows you to distinguish 2 sounds with the same pitch and loudness

45
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid filled tube that contains cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses

46
Q

basilar membrane

A

a structure in the inner ear that moves up and down in time with vibrations relayed from the ossicles, transmitted through the oval window

47
Q

travelling wave

A

the up and down movements that sound causes in the basilar membrane

48
Q

inner hair cells

A

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane

49
Q

area a1

A

the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

50
Q

place code

A

the process by which the brain uses info about the relative activity of hair cells (eg. which ones are more active) across the whole basilar membrane to help determine the pitch you hear

51
Q

temporal code

A

the process whereby the brain uses timing of the action potentials in the auditory nerve to help determine the pitch you hear

52
Q

haptic perception

A

the active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

53
Q

tactile receptive field

A

a small patch of skin that relates info about pain pressure, texture, pattern, or vibration to a receptor

54
Q

referred pain

A

feeling of pain on the surface of the body, but due to internal damage, occurs because sensory info from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

55
Q

gate control theory

A

theory of pain perception based on the idea that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from the skin or from the brain

56
Q

proprioception

A

your sense of bodily position

57
Q

vestibular system

A

3 fluid filled semi circular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear

58
Q

sensory receptor neurons (ORNs)

A

receptor cells that transduce odorant molecules into neural impulses

59
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobe

60
Q

pheromones

A

biochemical odorants emitted by other members of an animals species that can affect its behavior or physiology

61
Q

taste buds

A

the organs of taste transduction

psych 104 (8 decks)

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