chapter 7 Flashcards
learning
learning
the acquisition, of experience, of knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
habituation
a general process in which reported or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.
sensitization
a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to increased response to a later stimulus
classical conditioning
a type of learning that occurs when neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
something that r4eliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
unconditioned response (UR)
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are presented together
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US
conditioned response (CR)
a reaction that resembles a UR but is produced by a CS
second order conditioning
a type of learning in which a CS is paired with a stimulus that become associated with the US in an earlier procedure
extinction
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
generalization
when an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the CS that were not trained during acquisition. produces generalization gradient
discrimination:
when values of the CS, other than what was originally trained, elicit little to no CR
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will repeat that behaviour in the future
law of effect
the principle that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated, and those that produce a unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated
operant behavior
behavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment
reinforcer
any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
punisher
any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
fixed interval (FI) schedule
an operant conditioning principle whereby reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
variable interval (VI) schedule
an operant conditioning principle whereby behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement, although the time to the next reinforcement is unpredictable
intermittent reinforcement
an operant conditioning principle whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement effect
the fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
shaping
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior . extinction of earlier steps can aid this because of the increased variability of behavior extinction processes
latent learning
a process in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
cognitive map
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
observational learning
a process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of other
diffusion chain
a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, they themselves can become models from which other individuals learn that behaviour
implicit learning
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and products of info acquisition
primary laws of the reflex
3 laws:
law of threshold , law of intensity magnitude, and law of latency
law of threshold
there is a point/ threshold below which no response is elicited
law of intensity magnitude
increases in stimulus magnitude also increase the magnitude of the response
law of latency
the more intense a stimulus is , the faster a response is elicited
fixed action patterns
a series of related acts found in nearly all member of a species. occurs when the appropriate releaser stimulus is present
general behavior traits
any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influenced by genes
probe trial
present the conditioned stimulus alone
4 types of temporal relationships
delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, backwards conditioning
delayed conditioning
the CS begins and US overlaps partially. . generally the most effective method when CS-US interval is short. common in real world
CS-US interval
the time between CS onset and US onset
trace conditioning
the CS begins and ends before the US begins. generally longer intervals between CS and US produce weaker responses
caveat
depends on the response being learned
simultaneous conditioning
the CS and US begin and end at the same time. less common in real world and less effective than delayed and trace conditioning
backwards conditioning
the CS follows the US. not effective but can be demonstrated in a laboratory
higher order conditioning
a type of conditioning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned stimulus (CS2) because of its contingent relationship with an already effective CS (CS1)
aversion therapy
a therapy in which a stimulus is contingently paired with a aversive stimulus
positive reinforcement
add a wanted stimulus
negative reinforcement
take away an unwanted stimulus
positive punishment
add a unwanted stimulus
negative punishment
take away a wanted stimulus
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus or event that sets the occasion for reinforcement ( signals that a behavior will be reinforced when it occurs)
operant extinction
the procedure of withholding reinforcers that maintain a behavior
extinction burst
a short lived rapid burst in responding following the initial exposure to extinction
schedule of reinforcement
a rule of describing the delivery of reinforcement. produce schedule effect (i.e. particular pattern and rate of behaviour over time). over the long term effects ar4e very predictable . can make behaviours more resistant to extinction. occurs in numerous species
