chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the acquisition, of experience, of knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

a general process in which reported or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.

Question 3

sensitization

Answer 3

a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to increased response to a later stimulus

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

a type of learning that occurs when neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

something that r4eliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Question 6

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 6

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

acquisition

Answer 7

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are presented together

Question 8

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US

Question 9

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 9

a reaction that resembles a UR but is produced by a CS

Question 10

second order conditioning

Answer 10

a type of learning in which a CS is paired with a stimulus that become associated with the US in an earlier procedure

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Question 13

generalization

Answer 13

when an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the CS that were not trained during acquisition. produces generalization gradient

Question 14

discrimination:

Answer 14

when values of the CS, other than what was originally trained, elicit little to no CR

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will repeat that behaviour in the future

Question 16

law of effect

Answer 16

the principle that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated, and those that produce a unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Question 17

operant behavior

Answer 17

behavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment

Question 18

reinforcer

Answer 18

any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 19

punisher

Answer 19

any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 20

fixed interval (FI) schedule

Answer 20

an operant conditioning principle whereby reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

Question 21

variable interval (VI) schedule

Answer 21

an operant conditioning principle whereby behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement, although the time to the next reinforcement is unpredictable

Question 22

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 22

an operant conditioning principle whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Question 23

intermittent reinforcement effect

Answer 23

the fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior . extinction of earlier steps can aid this because of the increased variability of behavior extinction processes

Question 25

latent learning

Answer 25

a process in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Question 26

cognitive map

Answer 26

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Question 27

observational learning

Answer 27

a process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of other

Question 28

diffusion chain

Answer 28

a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, they themselves can become models from which other individuals learn that behaviour

Question 29

implicit learning

Answer 29

learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and products of info acquisition

Question 30

primary laws of the reflex

Answer 30

3 laws:
law of threshold , law of intensity magnitude, and law of latency

Question 31

law of threshold

Answer 31

there is a point/ threshold below which no response is elicited

Question 32

law of intensity magnitude

Answer 32

increases in stimulus magnitude also increase the magnitude of the response

Question 33

law of latency

Answer 33

the more intense a stimulus is , the faster a response is elicited

Question 34

fixed action patterns

Answer 34

a series of related acts found in nearly all member of a species. occurs when the appropriate releaser stimulus is present

Question 35

general behavior traits

Answer 35

any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influenced by genes

Question 36

probe trial

Answer 36

present the conditioned stimulus alone

Question 37

4 types of temporal relationships

Answer 37

delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, backwards conditioning

Question 38

delayed conditioning

Answer 38

the CS begins and US overlaps partially. . generally the most effective method when CS-US interval is short. common in real world

Question 39

CS-US interval

Answer 39

the time between CS onset and US onset

Question 40

trace conditioning

Answer 40

the CS begins and ends before the US begins. generally longer intervals between CS and US produce weaker responses

Question 41

caveat

Answer 41

depends on the response being learned

Question 42

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 42

the CS and US begin and end at the same time. less common in real world and less effective than delayed and trace conditioning

Question 43

backwards conditioning

Answer 43

the CS follows the US. not effective but can be demonstrated in a laboratory

Question 44

higher order conditioning

Answer 44

a type of conditioning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned stimulus (CS2) because of its contingent relationship with an already effective CS (CS1)

Question 45

aversion therapy

Answer 45

a therapy in which a stimulus is contingently paired with a aversive stimulus

Question 46

positive reinforcement

Answer 46

add a wanted stimulus

Question 47

negative reinforcement

Answer 47

take away an unwanted stimulus

Question 48

positive punishment

Answer 48

add a unwanted stimulus

Question 49

negative punishment

Answer 49

take away a wanted stimulus

Question 50

discriminative stimulus

Answer 50

a stimulus or event that sets the occasion for reinforcement ( signals that a behavior will be reinforced when it occurs)

Question 51

operant extinction

Answer 51

the procedure of withholding reinforcers that maintain a behavior

Question 52

extinction burst

Answer 52

a short lived rapid burst in responding following the initial exposure to extinction

Question 53

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 53

a rule of describing the delivery of reinforcement. produce schedule effect (i.e. particular pattern and rate of behaviour over time). over the long term effects ar4e very predictable . can make behaviours more resistant to extinction. occurs in numerous species