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chapter 5 Flashcards

consciousness

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1
Q

consciousness

A

a persons subjective experience of the world and mind

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2
Q

phenomenology

A

the study of how things seem to the conscious person

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3
Q

problem of other minds

A

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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4
Q

mind body problem

A

the issue of how the mind is related to the body

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5
Q

dichotic listening

A

a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear

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6
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

a phenomenon in which people tune in 1 message even while they filter out others nearby

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7
Q

minimal consciousness

A

a low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

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8
Q

full consciousness

A

a level of consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

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9
Q

self consciousness

A

a level of consciousness in which the persons attention is drawn to the self as an object

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10
Q

mental control

A

the attempt to change conscious states of mind

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11
Q

thought suppression

A

the conscious avoidance of a thought

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12
Q

rebound effect of thought suppression

A

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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13
Q

ironic process of mental control

A

a mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

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14
Q

dynamic unconscious

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest instincts and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces

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15
Q

repression

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them unconscious

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16
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

all the mental processes that give rise to a persons thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person

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17
Q

dual process theories

A

theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing info; one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing. 1 dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing

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18
Q

altered state of conscious

A

a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experiences of the world and mind

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18
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle in many psychological processes. Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in hypothalamus

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19
Q

REM Sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

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19
Q

electrooculography (EOG)

A

an instrument that measures eye movements

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20
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. Regularly taking more than 30 min to fall asleep, waking too early, or unable to fall back asleep

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21
Q

sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods during sleep. can cause night sweats, weight gain, hearing loss, irregular heart beat, and increased risk of death

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22
Q

somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping. usually harmless. person is often not aware they have done it. more common in children

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23
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities. Irregular controls of sleep wake cycles. can be caused by insufficient hypocretin producing neurons in the hypothalamus

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24
Q

sleep paralysis

A

the experience of waking up unable to move.

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25
Q

sleep/night terrors

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. occurs in sleep stages 3 and 4.

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26
Q

manifest content

A

a dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning

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27
Q

latent content

A

a dreams true underlying meaning

28
Q

activation synthesis model

A

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

29
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brains chemical messaging system. Alter how we think, feel, and act. effects of drug depends on drug and dose

30
Q

drug tolerance

A

the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect. often the result of the bodies attempt to maintain homeostasis

31
Q

depressants

A

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

32
Q

expectancy theory

A

the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by peoples expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

33
Q

balanced placebo design

A

a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

34
Q

alcohol myopia

A

a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention , leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.

35
Q

stimulants

A

substances that excite the central nervous system , heightening arousal and activity levels

36
Q

narcotics (opiates)

A

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

37
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations. effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety

38
Q

marijuana

A

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant. which contain a psychoactive drug called THC. A hallucinogen

39
Q

gateway drug

A

a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

40
Q

hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which 1 person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in the other persons subjective experience of the world

41
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

42
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

43
Q

cognitive psychology analogy

A

humans are information processors and the mind is the computers software and the brain is the computers hardware

44
Q

controlled (effortful) processing

A

mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness

45
Q

automatic processing

A

mental activities that occur automatically and require no or minimal conscious control or awareness

46
Q

divided attention

A

the ability to perform more than 1 activity at the same time. Difficult if the tasks requires similar cognitive resources

47
Q

necessary amounts of sleep

A

average person requires 7-10 hours a night. amount of sleep depends on age, health, quality of sleep, genetics, and species

48
Q

results of sleep deprivation

A

difficulties learning, poor attention, weight gain, diabetes, heart problems, and weekended immune system

49
Q

awake and alert (sleep stage)

A

beta waves. approx. >13 waves per second

50
Q

calm wakefulness (sleep stage)

A

alpha waves . approx. 7-12 per second

51
Q

sleep stage 1

A

theta waves ( 7-7 waves/ second). Myoclonic jerks. hypnagogic imagery

52
Q

sleep stage 2

A

sleep spindles (short bursts of neural activity). K- complexes (a large waveform that occurs intermittently

53
Q

sleep stages 3 and 4

A

delta waves (1-2 waves/second) in stage 3 <50% of waves are delta. in stage 4> 50% of waves are delta

54
Q

sleep stage 5

A

aka REM sleep. rapid eye movement (darting of eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep). stage of sleep during which brain is most active and most vivid dreaming occurs. 20% of sleep approx. is in REM

55
Q

insomnia treatments

A

behavioural: consistent wake schedule, only go to bed when tired, if you can’t sleep get out of bed, only use your bed for sleeping, exercise regularly, avoid drugs like alcohol and caffeine.
pharmacological: can be addictive and have great side effects , can lead to rebound insomnia

56
Q

freuds dream protection theory

A

the interpretation of dreams. dreams reflect wish fulfillment of unconscious desires. prevents unconscious desires from ruining sleep. primitive unconscious desires and urges are expressed symbolically within the dream and require interpretation. dreams are not always positive though..

57
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

theory that dreams reflect out puts from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into a story. REM is induced by increased acetylcholine in the pons and reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine

58
Q

deja vu

A

feeling of reliving an experience that is new. 10-30 seconds. possibly due to excess levels of dopamine in the temporal lobe. people will small temporal lobe seizures will often report deja vu prior to the seizure. resemblance of past events poorly remembered.

59
Q

out of body experiences

A

the sensation of our consciousness leaving our body. occurs in approx 10% of general population. people who experience OBEs often report other experiences like hallucinations and lucid dreams. often occur in conjunction with near death experiences.

60
Q

regression therapy

A

people are hypnotized to remember events from childhood.

61
Q

past life regression therapy

A

people are regressed to remember events from a past life.

62
Q

blood brain barrier

A

a physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so some substances are prevented from entering brain tissue

63
Q

alcohol

A

increases GABA, decreases glutamate. at low doses inhibitory control centers in the cortex are depressed= upper phase of drinking. at higher doses, other regions are depressed, loss of motor coordination, impaired judgement= downer phase of drinking

64
Q

barbiturates and tranquilizers

A

depressant. aka sleeping pills. increase GABA. very addictive. at high doses can lead to depression, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments

65
Q

amphetamines

A

stimulants. reduce sleep, fatigue, appetite, and depression. increase dopamine and norepinephrine. Injections can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure causing a stroke

66
Q

amphetamine psychosis

A

schizophrenia like hallucinations that occur when the brains dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels by heavy/ continuous amphetamine use

67
Q

methamphetamine

A

stimulant. inhaled via smoking. ingredients to produce it are very accessible. more potent than standard amphetamines. Increased probability of OD and dependence.

68
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

a stimulant. 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine

69
Q

cocaine

A

a stimulant. grows from a south American plant Erythroxylon coca. was a common curative in 1800s. can be injected, snorted, or inhaled/ smoked. creates excitement and euphoria. blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

70
Q

opiates

A

drugs that bind to endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects. derived from opium poppy. ex, heroin, fentanyl, codeine

psych 104 (8 decks)

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