chapter 5 Flashcards
consciousness
consciousness
a persons subjective experience of the world and mind
phenomenology
the study of how things seem to the conscious person
problem of other minds
the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
mind body problem
the issue of how the mind is related to the body
dichotic listening
a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear
cocktail party phenomenon
a phenomenon in which people tune in 1 message even while they filter out others nearby
minimal consciousness
a low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior
full consciousness
a level of consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state
self consciousness
a level of consciousness in which the persons attention is drawn to the self as an object
mental control
the attempt to change conscious states of mind
thought suppression
the conscious avoidance of a thought
rebound effect of thought suppression
the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
ironic process of mental control
a mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them
dynamic unconscious
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest instincts and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces
repression
a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them unconscious
cognitive unconscious
all the mental processes that give rise to a persons thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person
dual process theories
theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing info; one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing. 1 dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing
altered state of conscious
a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experiences of the world and mind
circadian rhythm
a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle in many psychological processes. Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in hypothalamus
REM Sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
electrooculography (EOG)
an instrument that measures eye movements
insomnia
difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. Regularly taking more than 30 min to fall asleep, waking too early, or unable to fall back asleep
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods during sleep. can cause night sweats, weight gain, hearing loss, irregular heart beat, and increased risk of death
somnambulism (sleepwalking)
occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping. usually harmless. person is often not aware they have done it. more common in children
narcolepsy
a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities. Irregular controls of sleep wake cycles. can be caused by insufficient hypocretin producing neurons in the hypothalamus
sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move.
sleep/night terrors
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. occurs in sleep stages 3 and 4.
manifest content
a dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning
latent content
a dreams true underlying meaning
activation synthesis model
the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
psychoactive drugs
chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brains chemical messaging system. Alter how we think, feel, and act. effects of drug depends on drug and dose
drug tolerance
the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect. often the result of the bodies attempt to maintain homeostasis
depressants
substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
expectancy theory
the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by peoples expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
balanced placebo design
a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus
alcohol myopia
a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention , leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.
stimulants
substances that excite the central nervous system , heightening arousal and activity levels
narcotics (opiates)
highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
hallucinogens
drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations. effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety
marijuana
the leaves and buds of the hemp plant. which contain a psychoactive drug called THC. A hallucinogen
gateway drug
a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs
hypnosis
a social interaction in which 1 person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in the other persons subjective experience of the world
posthypnotic amnesia
the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
hypnotic analgesia
the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
cognitive psychology analogy
humans are information processors and the mind is the computers software and the brain is the computers hardware
controlled (effortful) processing
mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness
automatic processing
mental activities that occur automatically and require no or minimal conscious control or awareness
divided attention
the ability to perform more than 1 activity at the same time. Difficult if the tasks requires similar cognitive resources
necessary amounts of sleep
average person requires 7-10 hours a night. amount of sleep depends on age, health, quality of sleep, genetics, and species
results of sleep deprivation
difficulties learning, poor attention, weight gain, diabetes, heart problems, and weekended immune system
awake and alert (sleep stage)
beta waves. approx. >13 waves per second
calm wakefulness (sleep stage)
alpha waves . approx. 7-12 per second
sleep stage 1
theta waves ( 7-7 waves/ second). Myoclonic jerks. hypnagogic imagery
sleep stage 2
sleep spindles (short bursts of neural activity). K- complexes (a large waveform that occurs intermittently
sleep stages 3 and 4
delta waves (1-2 waves/second) in stage 3 <50% of waves are delta. in stage 4> 50% of waves are delta
sleep stage 5
aka REM sleep. rapid eye movement (darting of eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep). stage of sleep during which brain is most active and most vivid dreaming occurs. 20% of sleep approx. is in REM
insomnia treatments
behavioural: consistent wake schedule, only go to bed when tired, if you can’t sleep get out of bed, only use your bed for sleeping, exercise regularly, avoid drugs like alcohol and caffeine.
pharmacological: can be addictive and have great side effects , can lead to rebound insomnia
freuds dream protection theory
the interpretation of dreams. dreams reflect wish fulfillment of unconscious desires. prevents unconscious desires from ruining sleep. primitive unconscious desires and urges are expressed symbolically within the dream and require interpretation. dreams are not always positive though..
activation synthesis theory
theory that dreams reflect out puts from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into a story. REM is induced by increased acetylcholine in the pons and reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine
deja vu
feeling of reliving an experience that is new. 10-30 seconds. possibly due to excess levels of dopamine in the temporal lobe. people will small temporal lobe seizures will often report deja vu prior to the seizure. resemblance of past events poorly remembered.
out of body experiences
the sensation of our consciousness leaving our body. occurs in approx 10% of general population. people who experience OBEs often report other experiences like hallucinations and lucid dreams. often occur in conjunction with near death experiences.
regression therapy
people are hypnotized to remember events from childhood.
past life regression therapy
people are regressed to remember events from a past life.
blood brain barrier
a physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so some substances are prevented from entering brain tissue
alcohol
increases GABA, decreases glutamate. at low doses inhibitory control centers in the cortex are depressed= upper phase of drinking. at higher doses, other regions are depressed, loss of motor coordination, impaired judgement= downer phase of drinking
barbiturates and tranquilizers
depressant. aka sleeping pills. increase GABA. very addictive. at high doses can lead to depression, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments
amphetamines
stimulants. reduce sleep, fatigue, appetite, and depression. increase dopamine and norepinephrine. Injections can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure causing a stroke
amphetamine psychosis
schizophrenia like hallucinations that occur when the brains dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels by heavy/ continuous amphetamine use
methamphetamine
stimulant. inhaled via smoking. ingredients to produce it are very accessible. more potent than standard amphetamines. Increased probability of OD and dependence.
MDMA (ecstasy)
a stimulant. 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine
cocaine
a stimulant. grows from a south American plant Erythroxylon coca. was a common curative in 1800s. can be injected, snorted, or inhaled/ smoked. creates excitement and euphoria. blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
opiates
drugs that bind to endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects. derived from opium poppy. ex, heroin, fentanyl, codeine
