chapter 8

Question 1

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Answer 1

absentmindedness

Question 2

input of sounds, words, and music

Answer 2

acoustic encoding

Question 3

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Answer 3

amnesia

Question 4

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Answer 4

anterograde amnesia

Question 5

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Answer 5

arousal theory

Question 6

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Answer 6

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Question 7

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Answer 7

automatic processing

Question 8

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Answer 8

bias

Question 9

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Answer 9

blocking

Question 10

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Answer 10

chunking

Question 11

formulation of new memories

Answer 11

construction

Question 12

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Answer 12

declarative memory

Question 13

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Answer 14

elaborative rehearsal

Question 15

input of information into the memory system

Answer 15

encoding

Question 16

physical trace of memory

Answer 16

engram

Question 17

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Answer 17

episodic memory

Question 18

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

Answer 18

equipotentiality hypothesis

Question 19

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Answer 19

explicit memory

Question 20

recall of false autobiographical memories

Answer 20

false memory syndrome

Question 21

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Answer 21

flashbulb memory

Question 22

loss of information from long-term memory

Answer 22

forgetting

Question 23

memories that are not part of our consciousness

Answer 23

implicit memory

Question 24

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Answer 24

levels of processing

Question 25

continuous storage of information

Answer 25

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 26

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Answer 26

memory

Question 27

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Answer 27

memory enhancing strategy

Question 28

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Answer 28

misattribution

Question 29

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

Answer 29

misinformation effect paradigm

Question 30

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

Answer 30

mnemonic device

Question 31

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Answer 31

persistence

Question 32

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Answer 32

proactive interference

Question 33

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Answer 33

procedural memory

Question 34

accessing information without cues

Answer 34

recall

Question 35

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Answer 35

recognition

Question 36

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Answer 36

reconstruction

Question 37

repetition of information to be remembered

Answer 37

rehearsal

Question 38

learning information that was previously learned

Answer 38

relearning

Question 39

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Answer 39

retrieval

Question 40

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Answer 40

retroactive interference

Question 41

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Answer 41

retrograde amnesia

Question 42

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Answer 42

self-reference effect

Question 43

input of words and their meaning

Answer 43

semantic encoding

Question 44

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Answer 44

semantic memory

Question 45

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Answer 45

sensory memory

Question 46

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Answer 46

short-term memory (STM)

Question 47

creation of a permanent record of information

Answer 47

storage

Question 48

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Answer 48

suggestibility

Question 49

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

Answer 49

transience

Question 50

input of images

Answer 50

visual encoding