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Psych 1000 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

gathering data by analyzing existing records or documents, such as historical files, reports, or media archives, to study past events, behaviors, or trends

A

archival research

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2
Q

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

A

attrition

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3
Q

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

A

cause-and-effect-relationship

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4
Q

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

A

clinical or case study

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5
Q

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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6
Q

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

A

confounding variable

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7
Q

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

A

control group

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8
Q

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

A

correlation

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9
Q

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

A

correlation coefficient

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10
Q

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

A

cross-sectional research

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11
Q

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

A

debriefing

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12
Q

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

A

deception

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13
Q

results are predicted based on a general premise

A

deductive reasoning

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14
Q

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

A

dependent variable

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15
Q

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

A

double-blind study

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16
Q

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

A

empirical

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17
Q

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

A

experimental group

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18
Q

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

A

experimenter bias

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19
Q

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

A

fact

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20
Q

able to be disproven by experimental results

A

falsiable

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21
Q

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

A

generalize

22
Q

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

A

hypothesis

23
Q

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

A

illusory correlation

24
Q

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

A

independent variable

25
Q

conclusions are drawn from observations

A

inductive reasoning

26
Q

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate

A

informed consent

27
Q

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

28
Q

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

29
Q

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

A

inter-rater reliability

30
Q

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

A

longitudinal research

31
Q

observation of behavior in its natural setting

A

naturalistic observation

32
Q

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller

A

negative correlation

33
Q

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

A

observer bias

34
Q

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

A

operational definition

35
Q

personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

A

opinion

36
Q

subjects of psychological research

A

participants

37
Q

article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

A

peer-reviewed journal article

38
Q

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

A

placebo effect

39
Q

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

A

population

40
Q

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

A

positive correlation

41
Q

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

A

random assignment

42
Q

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

A

reliability

42
Q

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

A

random sample

43
Q

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

A

replicate

44
Q

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

A

sample

45
Q

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

A

single-blind study

46
Q

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

A

statistical analysis

47
Q

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

A

survey

48
Q

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

A

theory

49
Q

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

A

validity

Psych 1000 (8 decks)

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