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Psych 1000 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon

A

action potential

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2
Q

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

A

agonist

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3
Q

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

A

all-or-none

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4
Q

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

A

amygdala

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5
Q

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

A

antagonist

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6
Q

strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information

A

auditory cortex

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7
Q

controls our internal organs and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

major extension of the soma

A

axon

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9
Q

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

A

biological perspective

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10
Q

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production

A

Broca’s area

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11
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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12
Q

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities

A

cerebral cortex

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14
Q

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area

A

computerized tomography (CT) scan

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15
Q

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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16
Q

the process by which an enzyme breaks neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft down into their components so that they can no longer interact with the receptors on the post synaptic neuron

A

degradation

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17
Q

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

A

dendrite

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18
Q

recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

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19
Q

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

A

fight or flight response

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20
Q

largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures

A

forebrain

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21
Q

part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

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22
Q

MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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23
Q

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

A

glial cell

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24
Q

bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex

A

gyrus

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25
Q

left or right half of the brain

A

hemisphere

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26
Q

division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

A

hindbrain

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27
Q

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

A

hippocampus

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28
Q

state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

30
Q

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

A

lateralization

31
Q

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

A

limbic system

32
Q

deep groove in the brain’s cortex

A

longitudinal fissure

33
Q

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

34
Q

hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

A

medulla

35
Q

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

A

membrane potential

36
Q

division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation

A

midbrain

37
Q

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement

A

motor cortex

38
Q

fatty substance that insulates axons

A

myelin sheath

39
Q

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

A

neuron

40
Q

nervous system’s ability to change

A

neuroplasticity

41
Q

chemical messenger of the nervous system

A

neurotransmitter

42
Q

open spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

44
Q

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

A

parasympathetic nervous system

45
Q

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

46
Q

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

47
Q

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

48
Q

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

A

pons

49
Q

involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain

A

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

50
Q

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning

A

prefrontal cortex

51
Q

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

A

psychotropic medication

52
Q

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

A

receptor

53
Q

the state of readiness of a neuron membrane’s potential between signals

A

resting potential

54
Q

midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity

A

reticular formation

55
Q

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it

A

reuptake

56
Q

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

A

semipermeable membrane

57
Q

cell body

A

soma

58
Q

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

A

somatic nervous system

59
Q

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain

A

somatosensory cortex

60
Q

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement

A

substantia nigra

61
Q

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex

A

sulcus

62
Q

involved in stress-related activities and functions

A

sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

A

synaptic cleft

64
Q

storage site for neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicle

65
Q

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

66
Q

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

A

terminal button

67
Q

sensory relay for the brain

A

thalamus

68
Q

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active

A

threshold of excitation

69
Q

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

70
Q
A

Psych 1000 (8 decks)

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