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General Psychology > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory

A

persistence of learning over time through encoding, storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

what has to be done in order to remember?

A

encoding
storage
retrieval
recall
recognition

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3
Q

what is encoding?

A

info must go in

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4
Q

what is storage?

A

info must be retained over time

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5
Q

what is retrieval?

A

info must be retrievable

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6
Q

what is recall?

A

intentionally retrieving info from LTM into STM
“list the 12 sons of jacob

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7
Q

what is recognition?

A

matching an item to a stored memory
“is asher one of the 12 sons of jacob?”

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8
Q

is recall typically harder than recognition?

A

yes

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9
Q

what is relearning?

A

we learn more than we can recall

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10
Q

what is duration?

A

how long memories last

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11
Q

what is capacity

A

how much info can be stored

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12
Q

3 memory stores

A

sensory memory (SM)
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)

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13
Q

qualities of sensory memory

A
  • short duration (less than 1 second)
  • large capacity
  • iconic memory (vision)
  • echoic memory (audition)
  • sperling technique (letters flash quickly, write down letters
  • attention plays a key role in moving information from SM to STM
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14
Q

qualities of STM

A
  • short duration (a few seconds)
  • small capacity 7+- 2
  • useful for remembering telephone numbers, language use, and getting info to LTM
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15
Q

what are some strategies to extend STM?

A
  • chunking ( by combining items into meaningful “chunks” we use fewer slots of STM) C F K I B G A I B -> CIA FBI KGB -> intelligence organizations
  • rehearsal
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16
Q

what is the serial position effect?

A

refers to the tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)
- the memory curve

17
Q

what is rehearsal?

A
  • silent repitition keeps STM refreshed
  • works until you are interrupted
  • rehearse enough, and STM moves to LTM
18
Q

qualities of longterm memory

A
  • very long duration ( hours to decades)
  • very large capacity ( always room for new memories)
19
Q

what is implicit memory?

A
  • no concious awareness, hard to verbalize
  • includes skills or habits ( how to ride a bike)
  • nondeclarative
20
Q

what is explicit memory?

A
  • conscious awareness; easy to verbalize
  • includes semantic and episodic
  • declarative
21
Q

what is semantic memory?

A
  • word meanings ( a dog is an animal)
  • concepts (heat rises)
  • general facts ( my dog is named Kona)w
22
Q

what is episodic memory?

A
  • events that occurred to you ( buying a dog)
  • include context (when, where)
23
Q

how is memory processed into LTM?

A
  • info moves through each memory store
  • the world -> sensory memory -> short-term memory -><- longterm memory
24
Q

what are the foundations of memory?

A
  • hippocampus and frontal lobe
  • long term potentiation (LTP) links between related neurons are strengthened
25
Q

what are shallow and deep processing?

A

shallow = based on sensory characteristics
deep = based on meaning

prior knowledge/ context matters for learning

26
Q

what are flashbulb memories?

A

emotionally charged, episodic memories (birth of sibling, 9/11)
very vivid and accurate (high level of confidence, accuracy decreasees over time)

27
Q

how is memory a constructive process?

A
  • not like a videotape or DVD
  • biases and expectations can influence memories
  • false memories ( memories of events that did not occur, the mis information effect)
  • elizabeth loftus -> how easily memories can be alter by suggestion
28
Q

what is decay?

A

memories fade away over time

29
Q

what is interference?

A

proactive = old information makes it harder to learn new information
retroactive = new information makes it harder to remember old information

30
Q

what is amnesia?

A

retrograde amnesia = impairment of memories before onset
anterograde amnesia = impairment of memories after onset

31
Q

what are mnemonic devices we use to improve memory?

A
  • method of loci = put things in your house
  • pegword system
  • songs & rhymes
  • acronyms/initialisms: letter stands for a word NESW
  • acrostic: form a sentence = please excuse my dear aunt sally
  • hierarchal organization
32
Q

what is distributed learning?

A

spread practice across different days
- allows us to form connectins
- leads to deeper memories

General Psychology (8 decks)

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