chapter 8 Flashcards
what is memory
persistence of learning over time through encoding, storing and retrieving information
what has to be done in order to remember?
encoding
storage
retrieval
recall
recognition
what is encoding?
info must go in
what is storage?
info must be retained over time
what is retrieval?
info must be retrievable
what is recall?
intentionally retrieving info from LTM into STM
“list the 12 sons of jacob
what is recognition?
matching an item to a stored memory
“is asher one of the 12 sons of jacob?”
is recall typically harder than recognition?
yes
what is relearning?
we learn more than we can recall
what is duration?
how long memories last
what is capacity
how much info can be stored
3 memory stores
sensory memory (SM)
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)
qualities of sensory memory
- short duration (less than 1 second)
- large capacity
- iconic memory (vision)
- echoic memory (audition)
- sperling technique (letters flash quickly, write down letters
- attention plays a key role in moving information from SM to STM
qualities of STM
- short duration (a few seconds)
- small capacity 7+- 2
- useful for remembering telephone numbers, language use, and getting info to LTM
what are some strategies to extend STM?
- chunking ( by combining items into meaningful “chunks” we use fewer slots of STM) C F K I B G A I B -> CIA FBI KGB -> intelligence organizations
- rehearsal
what is the serial position effect?
refers to the tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)
- the memory curve
what is rehearsal?
- silent repitition keeps STM refreshed
- works until you are interrupted
- rehearse enough, and STM moves to LTM
qualities of longterm memory
- very long duration ( hours to decades)
- very large capacity ( always room for new memories)
what is implicit memory?
- no concious awareness, hard to verbalize
- includes skills or habits ( how to ride a bike)
- nondeclarative
what is explicit memory?
- conscious awareness; easy to verbalize
- includes semantic and episodic
- declarative
what is semantic memory?
- word meanings ( a dog is an animal)
- concepts (heat rises)
- general facts ( my dog is named Kona)w
what is episodic memory?
- events that occurred to you ( buying a dog)
- include context (when, where)
how is memory processed into LTM?
- info moves through each memory store
- the world -> sensory memory -> short-term memory -><- longterm memory
what are the foundations of memory?
- hippocampus and frontal lobe
- long term potentiation (LTP) links between related neurons are strengthened
what are shallow and deep processing?
shallow = based on sensory characteristics
deep = based on meaning
prior knowledge/ context matters for learning
what are flashbulb memories?
emotionally charged, episodic memories (birth of sibling, 9/11)
very vivid and accurate (high level of confidence, accuracy decreasees over time)
how is memory a constructive process?
- not like a videotape or DVD
- biases and expectations can influence memories
- false memories ( memories of events that did not occur, the mis information effect)
- elizabeth loftus -> how easily memories can be alter by suggestion
what is decay?
memories fade away over time
what is interference?
proactive = old information makes it harder to learn new information
retroactive = new information makes it harder to remember old information
what is amnesia?
retrograde amnesia = impairment of memories before onset
anterograde amnesia = impairment of memories after onset
what are mnemonic devices we use to improve memory?
- method of loci = put things in your house
- pegword system
- songs & rhymes
- acronyms/initialisms: letter stands for a word NESW
- acrostic: form a sentence = please excuse my dear aunt sally
- hierarchal organization
what is distributed learning?
spread practice across different days
- allows us to form connectins
- leads to deeper memories
