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General Psychology > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

how do we learn?

A

by association and/or experience

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3
Q

what is association?

A

linking 2 events that occur close together

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of learning?

A
  • associative
  • social
  • cognitive
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5
Q

what are the two different parts of associative learning?

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
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6
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

we anticipate events by associating 2 stimuli

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7
Q

what are some examples of classical conditioning?

A

smell of moms perfume = smiling
smell of a hospital = weakened immunity (heroin addicts)

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7
Q

what are characteristics of phase 1 of classical conditioning?

A
  • FOOD (UCS): SALIVATION (UCR)
    * REFLEXIVE RESPONSE
  • TONE (CS): NOTHING (CR)
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8
Q

who discovered classical conditioning?

A

ivan pavlov

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8
Q

what are the 4 components of classical conditioning?

A
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • unconditioned response (UCR)
  • conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • conditioned response (CR)
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9
Q

what are characteristics of phase 2 of classical conditioning?

A
  • CS IS REPEATEDLY PAIRED WITH THE UCS
    * A TONE IS SOUNDED BEFORE THE FOOD IS PRESENTED
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9
Q

what are the types of conditioned emotional responses?

A
  • avoidance learning
  • conditioned phobias
  • little albert experiment
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9
Q

what are characteristics of phase 3 of classical conditioning?

A
  • EVENTUALLY, THE CS ELICITS A NEW CR
    * HEARING THE TONE BY ITSELF CAUSES SALIVATION
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10
Q

what is generalization?

A

similar stimuli elicit similar responses

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11
Q

what is discrimination?

A

the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli

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12
Q

in classical conditioning, what are extinction and spontaneous recovery?

A
  • extinction = diminishing of a conditioned response
  • spontaneous recovery = reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished response
  • LOOK AT GRAPH ON THIS
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13
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

we learn to repeat (or avoid) acts by associating a response with its consequence

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14
Q

what are some examples of operant conditioning?

A

tantrums punished = fewer tantrums
slot machine pays out = gamble more

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15
Q

what law does thorndikes puzzle box create? (in operant conditioning)

A

thorndike’s law of effect- actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated
+++ skinner box

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16
Q

what are the 4 principles of operant conditioning?

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment
(look at consequence matrix)

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17
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. the desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur
- adding something they like

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18
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior
- taking away something they don’t want (using an umbrella in the rain- rain taken away by using umbrella)

19
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

adding something unpleasant

20
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

when you take something away from the child until the unwanted behavior diminishes

21
Q

what is a primary reinforcer?

A

a powerful innate reinforcer (food, removal of pain)

22
Q

what is a secondary reinforcer?

A

reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer

23
Q

what happens in delayed gratification (delayed reinforcement)?

A

children who learned delayed gratification
- did better in school
- were more socially competent
- achieved more
- were physically healthier
(marshmallow study on kids)

24
Q

what are characteristics and challenges of effective punishment?

A
  • effective punishment should be swift, consistent, and appropriately aversive
  • physical punishment may be imitated, may fear the person who punishes
  • most effective when paired with reinforcers
25
Q

what is shaping?

A

a complex behavior that uses gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior
- used to train animal to do complex tricks
- used to train complex behavior response

26
Q

what is the difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

A
  • every time a behavior occurs you reward it
  • you don’t reward it every time
27
Q

what are the 4 reinforcement schedules?

A
  • fixed ratio
  • variable ratio
  • fixed interval
  • variable interval
    (ratio = behavior, interval = time)
28
Q

what is a fixed ratio?

A

reinforcement is delivered after the completion of a number of responses. the required number of responses remains constant
(every 5 vacuums you sell, you get a bonus)

29
Q

what is a variable ratio?

A

a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. this schedule creates a steady, high rate of response
(slot machine)

30
Q

what is a fixed interval?

A

a set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward (paycheck every 2 weeks for salary workers)

31
Q

what is a variable interval?

A

a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

32
Q

what are the similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioning?

A

classical:
- learned association between US and CS
- organism is passive
- responses elicited

operant:
- associate response and reinforcement
- organism is active
- responses emitted

similarities:
- avoidance learning
- extinction and spontaneous recovery
- generalization and discrimination

33
Q

what is cognitive and social learning?

A

we acquire mental information (through language and experience) that guides our behavior

34
Q

what is latent learning + an example?

A

not evident until later that they learned it (after a reward)
example: tolman’s rats -> cognitive maps

35
Q

what is insight learning?

A
  • that moment when you’re finally able to put all of the pieces together (known as an aha or eureka moment) is more likely to be remembered than if you had just been given the answer
  • the act of discovery has a positive effect on memory and emotions
  • escape rooms, rebus puzzles
36
Q

what is observational learning?

A

modeling; the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others
- bandura’s bobo doll study

37
Q

what are characteristics of imitation?

A
  • we imitate from infancy
  • later we develop the ability to empathize (part of theory of mind)
38
Q

what do mirror neurons do?

A
  • observation, intention, emotions
  • a type of brain cell that respond both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that same action
  • monkey peanut experiment
39
Q

what are some examples of human research on mirror neurons?

A
  • grasping
  • finger movements
  • watching actions activates similar brain activity in humans as doing what was watched
40
Q

what is intention coding?

A

mirror neurons do more than code the observed action; they are code the intention behind the action
- more activity in the prefrontal cortex when the intention was to drink when picking a cup up
- allows for empathy
- we communicate emotions through facial expressions
- teacup experiment

41
Q

mirror neurons human research pt. 2

A
  • feeling and watching disgust
  • touching someone
  • mirror neurons allow for social empathy and connection
42
Q

mirror neurons and empathy in the human

A
  • empathy elicits activity in anterior cingulate cortex (acc) and insula
  • watching someone hurt lights up similar brain areas in frontal lobe as when you are hurt yourself
43
Q

what are some applications of observational learning in regards to prosocial behavior?

A
  • models we observe can shape us for good or evil
  • people who model empathy, kindness, non-violence, love can influence others for good
  • pay-it-forward
44
Q

media effects on antisocial and observational learning

A
  • heavy and prolonged exposure to media violence during childhood predicts future aggressive behavior for both males and females in adulthood
  • mri brain scans of children who have viewed film or television violence looked similar compared to those who have violently acted out
  • damages our ability to be empathetic
45
Q

effects of video game violence

A
  • increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition
  • decrease in activation in prefrontal portions of the brain and greater activation of the amygdala
  • less activation of the acc-
  • changes in brain regions associated with congitive function and emotional control
46
Q

how do we learn through classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an organism learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus that elicits a response.

47
Q

what is a skinner box?

A

operant conditioning
behavior shaped through consequences

48
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its own sake, driven by internal rewards. This means individuals find the activity inherently satisfying or enjoyable.

Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior to earn external rewards or avoid negative consequences. This motivation comes from outside the individual.

49
Q

how does tolmans rats demonstrate latent learning?

A

This experiment challenged the behaviorist view that learning is solely based on direct reinforcement, highlighting the role of cognitive processes in learning and demonstrating that learning can occur even when it is not immediately visible.

General Psychology (11 decks)

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