chapter 10

Question 1

what are emotions?

Answer 1

response of whole organism involving 1: physiological arousal, 2: expressive behaviors, and 3: conscious experience

Question 2

what is the popular idea of emotions?

Answer 2

stimulus -> emotion -> arousal

Question 3

what is the james-lange theory of emotion?

Answer 3

stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

Question 4

what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

Answer 4

stimulus -> ANS arousal + emotion (occur at the same time)

Question 5

what is schachter’s two factor theory of emotion?

Answer 5

stimulus -> arousal + cognitive label = emotion

Question 6

what is the schachter and singer experiment?

Answer 6

people were injected with adrenaline proving their theory; the spill-over effect = the tendency of one person’s emotion to affect how other people around them feel

Question 7

what are zajonc and ledoux’s 2 routes to emotion?

Answer 7

1. low-road bypass cortex; senses -> thalamus -> amygdala; simple likes, fears
2. high-road through cortex; more complex emotions like hatred and love

Question 8

what is lazarus’ route to emotion? and cognitive appraisal

Answer 8

even immediate emotion requires some cognitive appraisal; ca -> can be effortless and unconscious, but it’s still a mental function; emotions come after unconscious appraisal

Question 9

what are the spiritual applications of schachter/lazarus theory?

Answer 9

appraisal or reappraisal can alter our emotional response; we are subject to immediate response (battle the flesh), but can modify that response; trust in God: fearful events, anxieties & worries
can be changed to peaceful mindset; “Perfect love casts out fear” 1 John 4:18; “Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on thee: because he trusteth in thee.” Isaiah 26:3

Question 10

what are ekman’s 6 basic emotions?

Answer 10

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Question 11

what does carroll izard say about emotions?

Answer 11

distinct emotions appear within the first months of life

Question 12

what is the physiology of emotions?

Answer 12

arousal; physical response through the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system; sns has similar response across a range of emotions but may feel different and use different facial muscles; we perform best at moderate arousal

Question 13

what is the influence of perceived emotion expression?

Answer 13

direct eye-gazing study = staring into eyes (even a strangers), fosters positive feelings toward person
morphed emotion faces = 50% fear & 50% anger morphing; abused children more likely to perceive anger

Question 14

what is the relation between emotion and gender?

Answer 14

females = greater nonverbal sensitivity; empathy (salty lemonade experiment)
males = anger emotion bias (a face with a subtle expression is more likely to be categorized as angry than happy and a face is seen as more angry if male)

Question 15

what makes emotion expressed through nonverbal communication?

Answer 15

cultural experience; how much emotion express is also cultural

Question 16

can you detect and compute emotion?

Answer 16

basic emotions are universally detected; high-tech detection = skilled lie catchers, people cannot easily; emails, cell phones, social media Facebook options: emojis

Question 17

what is the facial feedback effect?

Answer 17

smile -> you’ll feel better
frown -> you’ll feel worse
some effect, amplifies emotion; supports james-lange theory

Question 18

what is the behavioral feedback effect?

Answer 18

body postures & actions can affect how we feel & influence others

Question 19

what are the 3 important emotions?

Answer 19

fear, anger, happiness

Question 20

how is fear learned?

Answer 20

by observation and conditioning

Question 21

what is the relationship between the amygdala and fear?

Answer 21

amygdala shows greater response to fear

Question 22

what causes anger?

Answer 22

perceived misdeeds

Question 23

what is the catharsis hypothesis and is it effective?

Answer 23

expressing pent-up emotions, particularly anger or aggression, through actions like yelling or physical activity can lead to a release of these emotions, resulting in a feeling of relief and a reduction in future aggressive behavior; more commonly -> anger breeds anger

Question 24

how can we effectively get rid of anger?

Answer 24

wait, prevent, relieve stress

Question 25

what is the feel-good do-good phenomenon?

Answer 25

the psychological principle that people are more likely to engage in helping behaviors when they are in a positive mood

Question 26

what is subjective well-being?

Answer 26

an individual’s personal assessment of their overall life satisfaction, happiness, and fulfillment, essentially how they perceive their life is going based on their own thoughts and feelings, rather than relying on external, objective indicators

Question 27

what is the adaption-level principle?

Answer 27

define & compare by prior experience

Question 28

what is the relative deprivation principle?

Answer 28

compare to others

Question 29

what are the predictors of happiness?

Answer 29

high self-esteem, optimistic personality, good social support, challenging work, meaningful religious faith, take care of health