chapter 14 Flashcards
what are the 4 D’s of abnormal behavior in abnormal psychology?
deviance - unusual behavior, socially unacceptable behavior, break from reality
distress
dysfunction - maladaptive, self-defeating behavior
dangerous behavior
what is a psychological disorder?
the presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress or impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living
why is classification necessary?
- prediction of disorder’s course
- treatment suggestion
- research into causes and possible treatments
why are labels dangerous?
expectation effects, self-fulfilling prophecy, rosenhan study (he and a group of healthy individuals pretended to have mental illness symptoms to gain admission to psychiatric hospitals, demonstrating that psychiatrists often misdiagnosed sanity as insanity, highlighting issues with the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses)
how do you categorize disorders?
Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual (DSM-5); Used for diagnosing disorders; Varying degrees of accuracy; Often use BioPsychSocial
approach today (Biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to
produce specific psychological
disorders)
what are the 3 anxiety disorders?
- generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- panic disorder
- phobias
what is generalized anxiety disorder?
a person for no obvious reason, is continually tense &
uneasy; lifetime prevalence 6%
what is panic disorder?
a disorder in which a person experiences panic attacks; begins to fear panic attacks; can lead to agoraphobia; lifetime prevalence 5%
what are phobias?
social anxiety disorder: a disorder in which a person fear public humiliation and/or
embarrassment; lifetime prevalence 12%
specific phobia: a disorder in which a person has an intense fear and
avoidance of a specific object, or situation; animals, blood-injection-injury, natural environment, situation, miscellaneous; lifetime prevalence 12%
what is OCD?
characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts & behaviors; obsession: thought; compulsion: action (checking, washing, ordering); lifetime prevalence 2-3%
what is PTSD?
traumatic event; fear and helplessness; symptoms (re-experience event, avoidance and emotional numbing, social withdrawal, insomnia, heightened arousal); lifetime prevalence 7-9% (among americans)
what are possible causes for anxiety, OCD, PTSD?
conditioning: little albert; anxiety cues - stimulus generalization & reinforcement
cognition: hypervigilant - attend more to threatening stimuli; interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening; higher chance of recalling threatening event
biology: genes - family studies, twin studies, chemical levels (serotonin), epigenetics; runs in families; the brain - amygdala (hypersensitive); anterior cingulate cortex (hyperactive in monitoring & checking for errors
what are the 2 mood disorders?
major depressive disorder (unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder
what is major depressive disorder (unipolar)?
a disorder that over 2 consecutive weeks people experience at least 5 of the following: depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite, sleep, physical activity level, energy, feelings of worthless or guilt, problems with concentration, suicidal thoughts or ideation; lifetime prevalence 20% for women 12% for men; suicide is attempted by 30% of depressed people
what is bipolar disorder?
mania - often cycles with depression; diagnosis correlated with working in creative profession and americans; high suicide risk; gender ratio is equal; lifetime prevalence is 1%; two affected parents 50-65%, one affected parent child or sibling 5-20%, one affected second-degree relative 5%
