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General Psychology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation

A

The awareness of properties of an object or event when a sensory receptor is stimulated

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2
Q

what is perception

A

The act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event

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3
Q

what is psychophysics

A

Studies of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensation & perception that those stimuli effect.

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4
Q

what is an absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

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5
Q

what is the difference threshold (JND)

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

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6
Q

what is weber’s law

A

computes the JND; how much does it have to change before we know its changing
Ernst weber

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7
Q

what is the stimulus for vision

A

light stimulus= the photon

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8
Q

what are the properties of light

A

wavelength, amplitude, frequency

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9
Q

what are the structures of the eye

A

pupil
iris
cornea
retina
fovea
optic nerve
lense

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10
Q

what does the pupil do

A

lets light in

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11
Q

what does the iris do

A

determines how much light is let in

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12
Q

what does the cornea do

A

protects eye, refracts light

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13
Q

what does the retina do

A

photoreceptors (rods + cones)
*Rods (100-120 million)
* Very sensitive to light
* Only register shades of gray
*Cones (5-6 million)
* Sensitive to particular
wavelengths
* Allow color vision

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14
Q

what is the fovea

A

where light needs to hit to see

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15
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

where information leaves the eye

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16
Q

what does the lense do

A

flattens or fattens aka bends light in order to make it to fovea

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17
Q

what is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

A

that we have cones in our eyes that see blue, red, and green

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18
Q

what is Herings Opponent process theory

A

humans perceive color in terms of three opposing color pairs: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white
theory suggests that one color in a pair suppresses the other, so we see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but not reddish-greens or yellowish-blues.
explains afterimages

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19
Q

what is transduction

A

cells translate world language to brain language

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20
Q

what is accomdation

A

when the lense changes shape

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21
Q

what is myopia

A

nearsighted, eyeball too long

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22
Q

what is hypermetropia

A

farsighted; light rays come to focus behind retina

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23
Q

what is an astigmatism

A

shape of cornea is abnormal

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24
Q

what happens when a wavelength is short

A

high frequency, bluish colors, high pitched sounds

25
Q

what happens when a wavelength is long

A

low frequency, reddish colors, low-pitched sounds

26
Q

what happens when the amplitude is big

A

loud sounds, bright colors

27
Q

what happens when the amplitude is small

A

dull colors, soft sounds

28
Q

what is the stimulus for audition?

A

sound waves

29
Q

what is the middle ear

A

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

in slides contain eardrum and bones

30
Q

what is the inner ear and the cochlea

A

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

31
Q

what is the anatomy of the cochlea

A

In your middle ear, a piston made of three tiny bones picks up the vibrations and transmits them to the cochlea, a snail-shaped tube in your inner ear.

The incoming vibrations then cause the cochlea’s membrane-covered opening (the oval window) to vibrate, jostling the fluid inside the cochlea. This motion causes ripples in the basilar membrane, bending the hair cells lining its surface, rather like grass blades bending in the wind.

The hair cell movements in turn trigger impulses in the adjacent nerve cells, whose axons converge to form the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve carries the neural messages to your thalamus and then on to the auditory cortex in your brain’s temporal lobe. From vibrating air, to tiny moving bones, to fluid waves, to electrical impulses to the brain: Voila! You hear!

32
Q

what is the place theory

A

states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

33
Q

high frequency waves in basilar membrane

A

Dissipates near narrow and
stiff base

34
Q

low frequency waves in basilar membrane

A

propagate all the way to apex

35
Q

how does the primary auditory cortex perceive pitch

A

high pitched toward front of cortex, low pitch toward back of cortex (tonoptic organization)

36
Q

what does the auditory cortex do?

A

Processes complex relevant sounds
* Animal noises
* Footsteps
* Any complex pattern of sound

Mostinterestingsoundsfallintothiscategory,includingspeech,environmental sounds, and background noise.

Fine-tuned by experience
* Language
* Music
* Heschl’s gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus is responsible for processing auditory stimuli like sound frequency, duration, and intensity)

37
Q

what are the 3 kinds of deafness

A

central, conduction, sensorineural

38
Q

what is central deafness

A

Auditory areas of brain fail to process incoming information * Often due to stroke, tumor or TBI

39
Q

what is conduction deafness

A

Sound vibrations cannot be turned into fluid displacement * Often due to fusing of ossicles

40
Q

what is sensorineural deafness

A

Hair cells fail to respond to fluid displacement * Often due to permanent damage to hair cells

41
Q

what is the vestibular system and what does it do

A

sense off balance;
Motion sickness
* sensory conflict theory: contradictory sensory messages
* Discrepancy between vestibular and visual info

42
Q

what are the 5 basic tastes

A

sour, sweet, salty, bitter, umami ( responds to msg)

43
Q

how do we get distinct flavors?

A
  • Each food stimulates distinct combination of taste receptors
  • Smell matters
  • Apple vs. Onion
  • Temperature & Texture matters * Mood matters
44
Q

what is the function of the tongue

A
  • Papillae
  • Different types
  • Each papillae has from one to several hundred taste buds
  • (average person has 2000-5,000 taste buds)
  • Each taste bud has 50-150 taste receptor cells
45
Q

where are tastes triggered

A

*
*
We do not just taste 1 type in one region
For example: sweetness is not just triggered at tip of tongue.
*
* Thresholds
All taste types found in each area.
* Singlepapillaecanbesensitivetojust1tasteat low concentration levels, but at higher levels may be sensitive to more than one taste.

46
Q

taste receptor cell

A
  • Taste pore
  • Small opening on tongue surface where taste cells exposed to
    contents of mouth * Taste receptor cells
  • Undergo constant cycle of growth, change, death, regeneration (lifespan of 1 taste cell = ~ 2weeks)
  • Depolarizes/hyperpolarizes in response to chemicals
47
Q

neural coding of taste

A
  • So how do we distinguish between say 2 different kinds of chocolate? * Answer: In the brain
  • Broad response to different tastes
  • Can have several taste receptor cells sensitive to different tastes synapse
    with gustatory axon (so that axon will fire to different tastes)
  • Pattern maintained through to the cortex
  • Populations of neurons fire together to give us our perception of tastes
48
Q

what are ambiguous figures

A

images that can be interpreted in multiple ways, or appear to flip between two different options

49
Q

what are the gestalt laws

A

proximity, continuity, similarity, closure, good form

50
Q

proximity

A

we group together thiings that are close to each other 3 set of 2, 2 sets of 3

51
Q

continuity

A

4 squiggly lines converging looks like 2 crossing each other

52
Q

similarity

A

when items share visual characteristics, they are perceived as more related than objects that are dissimilar

53
Q

closure

A

when presented with incomplete visual information, our brains tend to fill in the gaps to perceive a complete object

54
Q

good form

A

how the human brain perceives objects as complete, regular forms, even when the input is fragmented

55
Q

what are illusory contours

A

Visual Illusion due to our brain’s perceptual organization

56
Q

what is involved in depth perception

A

binocular cues, monocular cues

57
Q

what are the binocular cues

A

*Retinal Disparity * Convergence
*Stereograms

58
Q

what are the monocular cues

A
  • Monocular cues
  • Relative Motion: motion parallax
    *Relative Height
    *Relative Size
  • Interposition
    *Light and shadow
    Linear perspective

General Psychology (11 decks)

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