Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Psychology > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality?

A

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
(a set of characteristics that is consistent across time, consistent across situations, and distinguishes individuals from each other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

freud: consciousness

A
  • conscious mind: normal awareness
  • preconscious mind: easily brought to consciousness
  • unconscious mind: hidden thoughts and desires
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

freud: structural model

A
  • id: present at birth, home to sexual and aggressive drive
  • superego: develops in childhood, home to morality and conscience, governed by the ego ideal
  • ego: develops in childhood (before superego), acts as a referee between id and superego, governed by the reality principle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

oral stage

A
  • 0-18 months
  • pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anal stage

A
  • 18-36 months
  • pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
  • coping with demands for control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phallic stage

A
  • 3-6 years
  • pleasure zone is the genitals
  • coping with incestuous sexual feelings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

latency stage

A
  • 6-puberty
  • dormant sexual feelings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genital stage

A
  • puberty on
  • maturation of sexual interests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

freud: defense mechanisms

A
  • unconscious attempts to silence the id
  • when the inner war gets out of hand, the result is anxiety
  • ego protects itself via defense mechanisms
  • defense mechanisms reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality
  • put out by ego
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the defense mechanisms?

A

repression
denial
rationalization
displacement
projection
reaction formation
sublimation
regression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is repression

A

pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is denial

A

refusing to believe something unpleasant has occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is rationalization

A

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is displacement

A

you take out your anger and frustration on a person or object not the actual target of your anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is projection

A

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is reaction formation

A

acting opposite of what one thinks or feels, assuming attitudes and behaviors that one consciously rejects (woman who never wanted kids becomes a super mom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is regression

A

slipping to an earlier stage of development when faced with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sublimation

A

a person channels unacceptable urges or impulses, often of a sexual or aggressive nature, into socially acceptable actions or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

measurement of personality: projective tests

A
  • rorschach
  • thematic apperception test (TAT)
  • high level of subjectivity in scoring and interpretation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

freud problems: alfred adler & karen horney

A

childhood’s important ( not sexual but social )
adler: inferiority complex, much of behavior driven by desire to overcome inferiority experienced in childhood
horney: childhood anxiety triggers desire for love & security

20
Q

freud problems: modern research

A

lifelong, not fixed in childhood; infants’ neural network not mature enough; overestimates parental influence, underestimates peer influence; gender identity forms earlier than 5 or 6; childhood sexuality theories not accurate; dreams are not a form of wish fulfillment; and more

21
Q

what is the basis of humanistic theory?

A

humanists believe people try to improve
we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs

22
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological -> safety -> love -> esteem -> self-actualization

23
Q

self-actualization

A

self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming

24
Q

self-concept (carl rogers)

A

self-image, ideal-self, self-esteem
if self image is different from ideal image self actualization is difficult
if self image is similar to ideal image, self actualization will be able to happen

25
Q

roger’s person-centered perspective

A

people have natural tendencies to grow, become healthy, and move toward self-actualization; 3 conditions that facilitate growth
1. genuineness: being honest, direct, not using a facade
2. acceptance aka unconditional positive regard: acknowledging feelings without passing judgement
3. empathy: tuning into the feelings of others, showing your efforts to understand, listening well

26
Q

positives and criticisms of humanistic theories

A

positives: influenced many areas (counseling, child raising, education), laid groundwork for today’s field of positive psychology

criticisms: concept vague and subjective, too much emphasis on individualism (can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and erosion of moral restraint), humanistic psychology is naive (fails to appreciate human capacity for evil)

27
Q

what is a trait?

A

pattern of behavior/ disposition to feel and act in certain ways
traits describe but dont really explain personality

28
Q

eyesenck’s trait theory

A

unstable vs stable
extraversion vs introversion
biological temperament: indicating an individual’s inherent tendency to seek novel, intense, and varied experiences, often linked to variations in neurotransmitter levels and brain activity

29
Q

the big 5 trait theory

A

openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

(OCEAN)

30
Q

openness

A

imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
high: curious, wide range of interests, independent
low: practical, conventional, prefers routine

31
Q

conscientiousness

A

competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven
high: hardworking, dependable, organized
low: impulsive, careless, disorganized

32
Q

extroversion

A

sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
high: outgoing, warm, seeks adventure
low: quiet, reserved, withdrawn

33
Q

agreeableness

A

cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured
high: helpful, trusting, empathetic
low: critical, uncooperative, suspicious

34
Q

neuroticism

A

tendency towards unstable emotions
high: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
low: calm, even-tempered, secure

35
Q

how stable are these traits?

A

up to 40 years, become more conscientious and agreeable and less neurotic

36
Q

do these traits reflect differing brain structure?

A

yes
high conscientiousness = larger frontal lobe
nigh neuroticism = stress sensitivity

37
Q

do these traits reflect birth order?

A

no

38
Q

do these traits cross to various cultures?

A

to some extent

39
Q

do the big 5 predict our actual behavior?

A

yes
conscientiousness and agreeableness predict workplace success, etc.

40
Q

how heritable are these traits?

A

roughly 40% (average) for each factor

41
Q

evaluating trait theories

A

person-situation controversy: extrovert in every situation?, conscientious in every situation?, low correlation, weak predictor of behavior

42
Q

social-cognitive theory

A
  • emphasizes traits with our situations
  • social: learn behavior by conditioning and observation/ imitation
  • cognitive: behavior influenced by thoughts about a situation
  • reciprocal influences (us & environment) determine behavior
  • reciprocal determinism
43
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

internal cognitive factor (thoughts and feelings about risky activities)
environmental factors (bungee-jumping friends)
behavior (learning to bungee jump)

a) we choose environments which then shape us
b) our personality affects how we interpret/ react to things
c) our attitudes can affect how others treat us

44
Q

focus on self

A

self = assumed to be the center of personality
self-esteem = feelings of self worth
self- efficacy = feelings of self competency
high self esteen and high self efficacy have many benefits (greater accomplishments and greater health)
benefits of life lead to high self esteem and efficacy
when people recieved good things that weren’t earned, it did not increase well-being
low self esteem leads to high behavior of criticism of others

45
Q

the age of self focus

A

self concepts can lead to the spotlight effect: overestimation of how much others notice and critique our appearance and actions

self-serving bias: a readiness to percieve ourselves favorably
more likely to accept praise then criticism
more likely to take responsibility for good behavior
most people think they are better than average

46
Q

can we compare personality across cultures ?

A

difficult because of collectivism vs individualism
collectivism: focus on the group ( chinese, african, latin american, arab)
individualism: focus on needs of the individual (us, canda, great britain, australia)

46
Q

the age of self focus pt. 2

A

narcissism: excessive self-love and self-absorption
the age of the selfie
secure self-esteem is characterized by a realistic, positive attitude toward the self, while defensive self-esteem is more likely to be characterized by blaming others, making excuses, and verbal defensiveness

47
Q

mmpi-2

A

used to measure personality
produce personality profile
easy to score and statistically analyze

General Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions